{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:35:34Z","timestamp":1793504134047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP190100304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190100304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebite is a globally neglected tropical disease, with coagulation disturbances being the primary pathology of many deadly snake venoms. Age-related differences in human plasma have been abundantly reported, yet the effect that these differences pose regarding snakebite is largely unknown. We tested for differences in coagulotoxic effects (via clotting time) of multiple snake venoms upon healthy human adult (18+) and paediatric (median 3.3 years old) plasma in vivo and compared these effects to the time it takes the plasmas to clot without the addition of venom (the spontaneous clotting time). We tested venoms from 15 medically significant snake species (from 13 genera) from around the world with various mechanisms of coagulotoxic actions, across the three broad categories of procoagulant, pseudo-procoagulant, and anticoagulant, to identify any differences between the two plasmas in their relative pathophysiological vulnerability to snakebite. One procoagulant venom (Daboia russelii, Russell\u2019s Viper) produced significantly greater potency on paediatric plasma compared with adult plasma. In contrast, the two anticoagulant venoms (Pseudechis australis, Mulga Snake; and Bitis cornuta, Many-horned Adder) were significantly more potent on adult plasma. All other procoagulant venoms and all pseudo-procoagulant venoms displayed similar potency across both plasmas. Our preliminary results may inform future studies on the effect of snake venoms upon plasmas from different age demographics and hope to reduce the burden of snakebite upon society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15020158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T01:38:18Z","timestamp":1676425098000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Children and Snakebite: Snake Venom Effects on Adult and Paediatric Plasma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0385-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina N.","family":"Zdenek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline F. B.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-040, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lachlan A.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4694-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita Mitico","family":"Tanaka-Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-040, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, USP, IPT e Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-040, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Monagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Haematology Research, Murdoch children\u2019s Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital, High St., Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6661-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050218","article-title":"The Global Burden of Snakebite: A Literature Analysis and Modelling Based on Regional Estimates of Envenoming and Deaths","volume":"5","author":"Kasturiratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, R.A., Hargreaves, A., Wagstaff, S.C., Faragher, B., and Lalloo, D.G. 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