{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:53:51Z","timestamp":1776401631819,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAPESP Proc","award":["2021\/11936-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/11936-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specific and sensitive tools for the diagnosis and monitoring of accidents by venomous animals are urgently needed. Several diagnostic and monitoring assays have been developed; however, they have not yet reached the clinic. This has resulted in late diagnoses, which represents one of the main causes of progression from mild to severe disease. Human blood is a protein-rich biological fluid that is routinely collected in hospital settings for diagnostic purposes, which can translate research progress from the laboratory to the clinic. Although it is a limited view, blood plasma proteins provide information about the clinical picture of envenomation. Proteome disturbances in response to envenomation by venomous animals have been identified, allowing mass spectrometry (MS)-based plasma proteomics to emerge as a tool in a range of clinical diagnostics and disease management that can be applied to cases of venomous animal envenomation. Here, we provide a review of the state of the art on routine laboratory diagnoses of envenomation by snakes, scorpions, bees, and spiders, as well as a review of the diagnostic methods and the challenges encountered. We present the state of the art on clinical proteomics as the standardization of procedures to be performed within and between research laboratories, favoring a more excellent peptide coverage of candidate proteins for biomarkers. Therefore, the selection of a sample type and method of preparation should be very specific and based on the discovery of biomarkers in specific approaches. However, the sample collection protocol (e.g., collection tube type) and the processing procedure of the sample (e.g., clotting temperature, time allowed for clotting, and anticoagulant used) are equally important to eliminate any bias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15030180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:04:11Z","timestamp":1677463451000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Challenges and Opportunities in Clinical Diagnostic Routine of Envenomation Using Blood Plasma Proteomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5712-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joeliton dos Santos","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis Emanuel Garcia","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Agronomic Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18610-034, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micael Saggion","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Agronomic Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18610-034, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia Ribeiro","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Agronomic Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18610-034, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Moriel","family":"Pincinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Agronomic Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18610-034, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Marques","family":"Riciopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Agronomic Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18610-034, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"La\u00eds Lacerda B.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0848-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuelton Marcelo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Seabra","family":"Ferreira-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18619-002, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, H.F., Layfield, H.J., Vallance, T., Patel, K., Bicknell, A.B., Trim, S.A., and Vaiyapuri, S. 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