{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:06:02Z","timestamp":1789131962706,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand","award":["FF(KU) 35.65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU) 35.65"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction (DLLME) was optimized for the simultaneous extraction of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) from powdered senna leaves and pods. Detection was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and pre-column derivatization. The parameters affecting the DLLME extraction efficiency were evaluated. Chloroform (200 \u00b5L) was used as an extraction solvent, 500 \u00b5L of distilled water was used as a dispersive solvent, and the extraction was performed at pH 5.6 with no salt added. The optimized method was validated using leaves and pods according to the European Commission guidelines. The linear range for all aflatoxins was 2\u201350 \u00b5g\/kg, with values for regression coefficients of determination exceeding 0.995. The recoveries of spiked senna leaves and pods were in the ranges of 91.77\u2013108.71% and 83.50\u2013102.73%, respectively. The RSD values for intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the ranges of 2.30\u20137.93% and 3.13\u201310.59%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification varied in the ranges of 0.70\u20131.27 \u00b5g\/kg and 2.13\u20133.84 \u00b5g\/kg, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied for the quantification of aflatoxins in 60 real samples of dried senna leaves and pods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15040277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:19:54Z","timestamp":1681096794000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Optimization and Validation of Dispersive Liquid\u2013Liquid Microextraction for Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in Senna Leaves and Pods Using HPLC-FLD with Pre-Column Derivatization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5899-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanapoom","family":"Maneeboon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Equipment and Research Division, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chananya","family":"Chuaysrinule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Equipment and Research Division, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warapa","family":"Mahakarnchanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463579","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1463579","article-title":"Bioactivities of traditional medicinal plants in Alexandria","volume":"2018","author":"Elansary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. 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