{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:32:55Z","timestamp":1788975175494,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University","award":["CU_FRB65_hea(17)_024_30_05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CU_FRB65_hea(17)_024_30_05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Russell\u2019s viper (Daboia siamensis) is a medically important venomous snake in Myanmar. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) shows potential to investigate the venom complexity, giving deeper insights into snakebite pathogenesis and possible drug discoveries. mRNA from venom gland tissue was extracted and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq platform and de novo assembled by Trinity. The candidate toxin genes were identified via the Venomix pipeline. Protein sequences of identified toxin candidates were compared with the previously described venom proteins using Clustal Omega to assess the positional homology among candidates. Candidate venom transcripts were classified into 23 toxin gene families including 53 unique full-length transcripts. C-type lectins (CTLs) were the most highly expressed, followed by Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors, disintegrins and Bradykinin potentiating peptide\/C-type natriuretic peptide (BPP-CNP) precursors. Phospholipase A2, snake venom serine proteases, metalloproteinases, vascular endothelial growth factors, L-amino acid oxidases and cysteine-rich secretory proteins were under-represented within the transcriptomes. Several isoforms of transcripts which had not been previously reported in this species were discovered and described. Myanmar Russell\u2019s viper venom glands displayed unique sex-specific transcriptome profiles which were correlated with clinical manifestation of envenoming. Our results show that NGS is a useful tool to comprehensively examine understudied venomous snakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15050309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T02:18:34Z","timestamp":1682561914000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring Toxin Genes of Myanmar Russell\u2019s Viper, Daboia siamensis, through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5423-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khin Than","family":"Yee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1509-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Macrander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL 33801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Vasieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"},{"name":"BioSynthetic Machines, Inc., Chicago, IL 60062, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ponlapat","family":"Rojnuckarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Excellence Center in Translational Hematology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Symptoms of envenoming","volume":"17","author":"Thorpe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Herpetol. 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