{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T12:17:50Z","timestamp":1772799470371,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Projects","award":["2019YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Projects","award":["2021YFH0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFH0060"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Projects","award":["2022YFQ0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0100"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Projects","award":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Projects","award":["2020CDLZ-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CDLZ-17"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Projects","award":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Projects","award":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"]}]},{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2019YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2021YFH0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFH0060"]}]},{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2022YFQ0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0100"]}]},{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"]}]},{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2020CDLZ-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CDLZ-17"]}]},{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"]}]},{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"]}]},{"name":"Regional Cooperation Project (Sichuan-Guangdong) of Sichuan Science and Technology Programmes","award":["2019YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"Regional Cooperation Project (Sichuan-Guangdong) of Sichuan Science and Technology Programmes","award":["2021YFH0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFH0060"]}]},{"name":"Regional Cooperation Project (Sichuan-Guangdong) of Sichuan Science and Technology Programmes","award":["2022YFQ0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0100"]}]},{"name":"Regional Cooperation Project (Sichuan-Guangdong) of Sichuan Science and Technology Programmes","award":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"]}]},{"name":"Regional Cooperation Project (Sichuan-Guangdong) of Sichuan Science and Technology Programmes","award":["2020CDLZ-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CDLZ-17"]}]},{"name":"Regional Cooperation Project (Sichuan-Guangdong) of Sichuan Science and Technology Programmes","award":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"]}]},{"name":"Regional Cooperation Project (Sichuan-Guangdong) of Sichuan Science and Technology Programmes","award":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"]}]},{"name":"Chinese-Hungarian Bilateral Project","award":["2019YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"Chinese-Hungarian Bilateral Project","award":["2021YFH0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFH0060"]}]},{"name":"Chinese-Hungarian Bilateral Project","award":["2022YFQ0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0100"]}]},{"name":"Chinese-Hungarian Bilateral Project","award":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"]}]},{"name":"Chinese-Hungarian Bilateral Project","award":["2020CDLZ-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CDLZ-17"]}]},{"name":"Chinese-Hungarian Bilateral Project","award":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"]}]},{"name":"Chinese-Hungarian Bilateral Project","award":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Luzhou oint Project of Science and Technology","award":["2019YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Luzhou oint Project of Science and Technology","award":["2021YFH0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFH0060"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Luzhou oint Project of Science and Technology","award":["2022YFQ0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0100"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Luzhou oint Project of Science and Technology","award":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Luzhou oint Project of Science and Technology","award":["2020CDLZ-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CDLZ-17"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Luzhou oint Project of Science and Technology","award":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Luzhou oint Project of Science and Technology","award":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary","award":["2019YFE0103800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0103800"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary","award":["2021YFH0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFH0060"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary","award":["2022YFQ0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0100"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary","award":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2.1.14-T\u00c9T-CN-2018-00011, Chinese No. 8-4"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary","award":["2020CDLZ-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CDLZ-17"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary","award":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. TKP2021-EGA-28"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary","award":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.5-GYORS\u00cdT\u00d3S\u00c1V"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ingestion of food toxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) during pregnancy may impair fetal neurodevelopment. However, animal model results may not be accurate due to the species\u2019 differences, and testing on humans is ethically impermissible. Here, we developed an in vitro human maternal\u2013fetal multicellular model composed of a human hepatic compartment, a bilayer placental barrier, and a human fetal central nervous system compartment using neural stem cells (NSCs) to investigate the effect of AFB1 on fetal-side NSCs. AFB1 passed through the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells to mimic the maternal metabolic effects. Importantly, even at the limited concentration (0.0641 \u00b1 0.0046 \u03bcM) of AFB1, close to the national safety level standard of China (GB-2761-2011), the mixture of AFB1 crossing the placental barrier induced NSC apoptosis. The level of reactive oxygen species in NSCs was significantly elevated and the cell membrane was damaged, causing the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (p &lt; 0.05). The comet experiment and \u03b3-H2AX immunofluorescence assay showed that AFB1 caused significant DNA damage to NSCs (p &lt; 0.05). This study provided a new model for the toxicological evaluation of the effect of food mycotoxin exposure during pregnancy on fetal neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15050312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T02:02:23Z","timestamp":1682647343000},"page":"312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Novel Multicellular Placental Barrier Model to Investigate the Effect of Maternal Aflatoxin B1 Exposure on Fetal-Side Neural Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangjie","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3791-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Dinny\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"},{"name":"BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Str. 26, 2100 Godollo, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"},{"name":"Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4372-8865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO63","DOI":"10.4155\/fso.15.63","article-title":"Animal models are essential to biological research: Issues and perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Montagutelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong, Y., Han, X., Wang, Y., Zongzheng, C., Lu, Y., Liu, T., Wu, Z., Jin, Y., and Luo, Y. (2020). Drug Toxicity Evaluation Based on Organ-on-a-chip Technology: A Review. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11040381"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.07.029","article-title":"Advantages and challenges of microfluidic cell culture in polydimethylsiloxane devices","volume":"63","author":"Halldorsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-020-0752-0","article-title":"Organ-on-a-chip: Recent breakthroughs and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21096","article-title":"Thalidomide-Induced Teratogenesis: History and Mechanisms","volume":"105","author":"Vargesson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.11.002","article-title":"Animal Models of Human Placentation\u2014A Review","volume":"28","author":"Carter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1897","article-title":"Immunology of placentation in eutherian mammals","volume":"6","author":"Moffett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700786","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700786","article-title":"Placental Drug Transport-on-a-Chip: A Microengineered In Vitro Model of Transporter-Mediated Drug Efflux in the Human Placental Barrier","volume":"7","author":"Blundell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1038518","article-title":"Placenta-on-A-chip: A novel platform to study the biology of the human placenta","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1007\/s11172-019-2709-7","article-title":"Transport and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide in in vitro placental barrier model based on BeWo b30 cells","volume":"68","author":"Knyazev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gaw018","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaw018","article-title":"Establishment of a confluent monolayer model with human primary trophoblast cells: Novel insights into placental glucose transport","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1074-9","article-title":"Assessment of an in vitro transport model using BeWo b30 cells to predict placental transfer of compounds","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toutounchi, N., Hogenkamp, A., Varasteh, S., van\u2019t Land, B., Garssen, J., Kraneveld, A., Folkerts, G., Braber, S., Kraneveld@uu, A., and Nl, A. (2019). Fusarium Mycotoxins Disrupt the Barrier and Induce IL-6 Release in a Human Placental Epithelium Cell Line. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110665"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy030","article-title":"Placental formation in early pregnancy: How is the centre of the placenta made?","volume":"24","author":"Boss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12130","article-title":"Have We Neglected the Role of Fetal Endothelium in Transplacental Transport?: Role of Fetal Endothelium Placental Transport","volume":"15","author":"Elad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2019.07.018","article-title":"Investigating the accumulation and translocation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with different surface modifications in static and dynamic human placental transfer models","volume":"142","author":"Aengenheister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23410-6","article-title":"An advanced human in vitro co-culture model for translocation studies across the placental barrier","volume":"8","author":"Aengenheister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800112","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201800112","article-title":"Placenta-on-a-Chip: In Vitro Study of Caffeine Transport across Placental Barrier Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry","volume":"3","author":"Pemathilaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2018.08.014","article-title":"A 3D human placenta-on-a-chip model to probe nanoparticle exposure at the placental barrier","volume":"54","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"505","article-title":"Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Placental Barrier","volume":"1141","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70278-3","article-title":"Neurobehavioural Effects of Developmental Toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Grandjean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1021\/es1019614","article-title":"Partition of Environmental Chemicals between Maternal and Fetal Blood and Tissues","volume":"45","author":"Needham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"770","article-title":"Effects of Mycotoxins on Child Development","volume":"13","author":"Kadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"9074861","article-title":"The Toxic Effects of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 on Kidney through Regulating L-Proline and Downstream Apoptosis","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(83)90121-X","article-title":"The neurotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in the rat","volume":"28","author":"Ikegwuonu","year":"1983","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvito, P., and Pereira-da-Silva, L. (2022). Mycotoxin Exposure during the First 1000 Days of Life and Its Impact on Children\u2019s Health: A Clinical Overview. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030189"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.002","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 disrupts transient receptor potential channel activity and increases COX-2 expression in JEG-3 placental cells","volume":"260","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.05.015","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 Augments the Synthesis of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone in Jeg-3 Placental Cells","volume":"237","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.01.004","article-title":"Effects of aflatoxin B1 on embryo fetal development in rabbits","volume":"43","author":"Wangikar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac280","article-title":"Chronic aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy is associated with lower fetal growth trajectories: A prospective cohort from the BUNMAP study in rural Ethiopia","volume":"116","author":"Tesfamariam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/00984109708984048","article-title":"Aflatoxins in the lungs of children with kwashiorkor and children with miscellaneous diseases in Nigeria","volume":"51","author":"Oyelami","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.04.003","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1-contaminated diet disrupts the blood-brain barrier and affects fish behavior: Involvement of neurotransmitters in brain synaptosomes","volume":"60","author":"Baldissera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv010","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on human brain microvascular endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"53","author":"Qureshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.058","article-title":"Exposure to aflatoxin B1 interferes with locomotion and neural development in zebrafish embryos and larvae","volume":"217","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109407","article-title":"Chronic neurodegeneration by aflatoxin B1 depends on alterations of brain enzyme activity and immunoexpression of astrocyte in male rats","volume":"182","author":"Alsayyah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.07.902","article-title":"Environmentally relevant level of aflatoxin B 1 elicits toxic pro-inflammatory response in murine CNS-derived cells","volume":"279","author":"Mehrzad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1433","article-title":"Mammalian Neural Stem Cells","volume":"287","author":"Gage","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/3305","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the Adult Human Hippocampus","volume":"4","author":"Eriksson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.5.2074","article-title":"Proliferating subventricular zone cells in the adult mammalian forebrain can differentiate into neurons and glia","volume":"90","author":"Lois","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkel, Z., Esteban, F., Rodriguez, B., Fu, T., Ai, X., and Cai, L. (2021). Diversity of Adult Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in Physiology and Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0449.v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.204999","article-title":"Heterogeneous populations of neural stem cells contribute to myelin repair","volume":"12","author":"Akkermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0865-6","article-title":"Cxcl12-engineered endothelial progenitor cells enhance neurogenesis and angiogenesis after ischemic brain injury in mice","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"306","article-title":"Hepatocyte transplantation: A review of worldwide clinical developments and experiences","volume":"3","author":"Mazaris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3727\/000000003783985151","article-title":"Efficacy of a Polyurethane Foam\/Spheroid Artificial Liver by Using Human Hepatoblastoma Cell Line (Hep G2)","volume":"12","author":"Fukuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.07.012","article-title":"An organic-inorganic hybrid scaffold for the culture of HepG2 in a bioreactor","volume":"26","author":"Kataoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/14.5.987","article-title":"p53 gene mutation and integrated hepatitis B viral DNA sequences in human liver cancer cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(97)00297-2","article-title":"Use of metabolic competent human hepatoma cells for the detection of mutagens and antimutagens","volume":"402","author":"Parzefall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.31.8.1035","article-title":"Comparison of primary human hepatocytes and hepatoma cell line HEPG2 with regard to their biotransformation properties","volume":"31","author":"Wilkening","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.4.1535","article-title":"Mutational properties of the primary aflatoxin B-1-DNA adduct","volume":"93","author":"Bailey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq026","article-title":"Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by Whole-Genome Gene Expression Analysis for the Purpose of Chemical Hazard Identification","volume":"115","author":"Jennen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Song, Y., Long, M., and Yang, S. (2023). Immunotoxicity of Three Environmental Mycotoxins and Their Risks of Increasing Pathogen Infections. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15030187"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zentai, A., J\u00f3\u017awiak, \u00c1., S\u00fcth, M., and Farkas, Z. (2023). Carry-Over of Aflatoxin B1 from Feed to Cow Milk\u2014A Review. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15030195"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-250-2_8","article-title":"Placenta Trophoblast Fusion","volume":"475","author":"Huppertz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00259E","article-title":"A microphysiological model of the human placental barrier","volume":"16","author":"Blundell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.12.015","article-title":"Review: An overview of molecular events occurring in human trophoblast fusion","volume":"36","author":"Gerbaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2015.10.005","article-title":"The endocrine function of human placenta: An overview","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. BioMed. Online"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaaa018","article-title":"Establishment of an in vitro placental barrier model cultured under physiologically relevant oxygen levels","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp257","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 Transfer and Metabolism in Human Placenta","volume":"113","author":"Partanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2011.575766","article-title":"Aflatoxins and growth impairment: A review","volume":"41","author":"Khlangwiset","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2022.06.003","article-title":"Gasdermin D-mediated microglial pyroptosis exacerbates neurotoxicity of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in mouse primary microglia and neuronal cultures","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.10.032","article-title":"Homocysteine inhibits neural stem cells survival by inducing DNA interstrand cross-links via oxidative stress","volume":"635","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.03.021","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Thymus Vulgaris Oil against Aflatoxin-Induce Oxidative Stress in Male Rats","volume":"57","author":"Ramzy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13497","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13497","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 exposure disrupts organelle distribution in mouse oocytes","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0085-3","article-title":"Nanoparticle-induced neuronal toxicity across placental barriers is mediated by autophagy and dependent on astrocytes","volume":"13","author":"Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7118","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm851","article-title":"Formation and genotoxicity of a guanine\u2014Cytosine intrastrand cross-link lesion in vivo","volume":"35","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq139","article-title":"S phase entry causes homocysteine-induced death while ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein functions anti-apoptotically to protect neurons","volume":"133","author":"Ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.5","article-title":"The comet assay: A method to measure DNA damage in individual cells","volume":"1","author":"Olive","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29328","article-title":"Targeting Histone deacetylase 4\/Ubc9 impairs DNA repair for radiosensitization of hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"67","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.11.047","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods","volume":"124","author":"Rushing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, J.V., Oliveira, C., and Ramalho, L. (2021). Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Aflatoxin B1: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237312"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29102","article-title":"Prenatal exposure of mice to the human liver carcinogen Aflatoxin B1 reveals a critical window of susceptibility to genetic change","volume":"136","author":"Chawanthayatham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2014.06.001","article-title":"Toxopathological and cytogenetic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on pregnant rats","volume":"210","author":"Fetaih","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv027","article-title":"Exposure to aflatoxin B1 in Utero is associated with DNA methylation in white blood cells of infants in the Gambia","volume":"44","author":"Castelino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/15\/5\/312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:24:34Z","timestamp":1760124274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/15\/5\/312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins15050312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins15050312","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]}}}