{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:53:45Z","timestamp":1792806825398,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JST\/JICA, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","award":["JPMJSA1705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSA1705"]}]},{"name":"JST\/JICA, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","award":["21H02274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H02274"]}]},{"name":"JST\/JICA, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","award":["18KK0182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18KK0182"]}]},{"name":"JST\/JICA, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","award":["PSG735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSG735"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["JPMJSA1705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSA1705"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["21H02274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H02274"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["18KK0182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18KK0182"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["PSG735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSG735"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["JPMJSA1705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSA1705"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jjeja18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["21H02274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H02274"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jjeja18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["18KK0182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18KK0182"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jjeja18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["PSG735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSG735"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jjeja18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The successful cultivation of Dinophysis norvegica Clapar\u00e8de &amp; Lachmann, 1859, isolated from Japanese coastal waters, is presented in this study, which also includes an examination of its toxin content and production for the first time. Maintaining the strains at a high abundance (&gt;2000 cells per mL\u22121) for more than 20 months was achieved by feeding them with the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum Lohmann, 1908, along with the addition of the cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia (W.Conrad) D.R.A.Hill, 1992. Toxin production was examined using seven established strains. At the end of the one-month incubation period, the total amounts of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) ranged between 132.0 and 375.0 ng per mL\u22121 (n = 7), and 0.7 and 3.6 ng per mL\u22121 (n = 3), respectively. Furthermore, only one strain was found to contain a trace level of okadaic acid (OA). Similarly, the cell quota of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) ranged from 60.6 to 152.4 pg per cell\u22121 (n = 7) and 0.5 to 1.2 pg per cell\u22121 (n = 3), respectively. The results of this study indicate that toxin production in this species is subject to variation depending on the strain. According to the growth experiment, D. norvegica exhibited a long lag phase, as suggested by the slow growth observed during the first 12 days. In the growth experiment, D. norvegica grew very slowly for the first 12 days, suggesting they had a long lag phase. However, after that, they grew exponentially, with a maximum growth rate of 0.56 divisions per day (during Days 24\u201327), reaching a maximum concentration of 3000 cells per mL\u22121 at the end of the incubation (Day 36). In the toxin production study, the concentration of DTX1 and PTX2 increased following their vegetative growth, but the toxin production still increased exponentially on Day 36 (1.3 ng per mL\u22121 and 154.7 ng per mL\u22121 of DTX1 and PTX2, respectively). The concentration of OA remained below detectable levels (\u22640.010 ng per mL\u22121) during the 36-day incubation period, with the exception of Day 6. This study presents new information on the toxin production and content of D. norvegica, as well as insights into the maintenance and culturing of this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15050318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1682943003000},"page":"318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Growth, Toxin Content and Production of Dinophysis Norvegica in Cultured Strains Isolated from Funka Bay (Japan)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Inland Fisheries Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Basti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Faculty of Marine Resources and Environment, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seafood Safety and Technology Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanori","family":"Kuribayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, Hokkaido Research Organization, Kita 19 Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Natsuike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hakodate Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, 20-5 Benten-cho, Hakodate 040-0051, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirje","family":"Sildever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuko","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Conservation Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi 739-0452, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8998-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Mun","family":"Lum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Inland Fisheries Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryuji","family":"Matsushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seafood Safety and Technology Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gran\u00e9li, E., Sundstr\u00f6m, B., Edler, L., and Anderson, D.M. 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