{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:48:09Z","timestamp":1790826489411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ERDF","award":["2.2.1\/996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.2.1\/996"]}]},{"name":"ERDF","award":["#899670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#899670"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique","award":["2.2.1\/996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.2.1\/996"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique","award":["#899670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#899670"]}]},{"name":"ADDovenom Project from European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["2.2.1\/996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.2.1\/996"]}]},{"name":"ADDovenom Project from European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["#899670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#899670"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To improve the characterization of snake venom protein profiles, we report the application of a new generation of proteomic methodology to deeply characterize complex protein mixtures. The new approach, combining a synergic multi-enzymatic and a time-limited digestion (MELD), is a versatile and straightforward protocol previously developed by our group. The higher number of overlapping peptides generated during MELD increases the quality of downstream peptide sequencing and of protein identification. In this context, this work aims at applying the MELD strategy to a venomics purpose for the first time, and especially for the characterization of snake venoms. We used four venoms as the test models for this proof of concept: two Elapidae (Dendroaspis polylepis and Naja naja) and two Viperidae (Bitis arietans and Echis ocellatus). Each venom was reduced and alkylated before being submitted to two different protocols: the classical bottom-up proteomics strategy including a digestion step with trypsin only, or MELD, which combines the activities of trypsin, Glu-C and chymotrypsin with a limited digestion approach. The resulting samples were then injected on an M-Class chromatographic system, and hyphenated to a Q-Exactive Mass Spectrometer. Toxins and protein identification were performed by Peaks Studio X+. The results show that MELD considerably improves the number of sequenced (de novo) peptides and identified peptides from protein databases, leading to the unambiguous identification of a greater number of toxins and proteins. For each venom, MELD was successful, not only in terms of the identification of the major toxins (increasing of sequence coverage), but also concerning the less abundant cellular components (identification of new groups of proteins). In light of these results, MELD represents a credible methodology to be applied as the next generation of proteomics approaches dedicated to venomic analysis. It may open new perspectives for the sequencing and inventorying of the venom arsenal and should expand global knowledge about venom composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15060357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T02:00:19Z","timestamp":1685066419000},"page":"357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Next-Generation Sequencing for Venomics: Application of Multi-Enzymatic Limited Digestion for Inventorying the Snake Venom Arsenal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1453-3185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Gobbi","family":"Amorim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Redureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Crasset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lou","family":"Freuville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1622-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Baiwir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8757-8133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Mazzucchelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9273-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie K.","family":"Menzies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Casewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8153-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Quinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"The future is now? 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