{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:41:57Z","timestamp":1781779317345,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2021B0707010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B0707010002"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2020A1515010662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515010662"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["DT20220027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DT20220027"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["DT20030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DT20030001"]}]},{"name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2021B0707010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B0707010002"]}]},{"name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2020A1515010662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515010662"]}]},{"name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China","award":["DT20220027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DT20220027"]}]},{"name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China","award":["DT20030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DT20030001"]}]},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project","award":["2021B0707010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B0707010002"]}]},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project","award":["2020A1515010662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515010662"]}]},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project","award":["DT20220027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DT20220027"]}]},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project","award":["DT20030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DT20030001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zearalenone (ZEN, ZEA) contamination in various foods and feeds is a significant global problem. Similar to deoxynivalenol (DON) and other mycotoxins, ZEN in feed mainly enters the body of animals through absorption in the small intestine, resulting in estrogen-like toxicity. In this study, the gene encoding Oxa, a ZEN-degrading enzyme isolated from Acinetobacter SM04, was cloned into Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356, a parthenogenic anaerobic gut probiotic, and the 38 kDa sized Oxa protein was expressed to detoxify ZEN intestinally. The transformed strain L. acidophilus pMG-Oxa acquired the capacity to degrade ZEN, with a degradation rate of 42.95% at 12 h (initial amount: 20 \u03bcg\/mL). The probiotic properties of L. acidophilus pMG-Oxa (e.g., acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, and adhesion properties) were not affected by the insertion and intracellular expression of Oxa. Considering the low amount of Oxa expressed by L. acidophilus pMG-Oxa and the damage to enzyme activity by digestive juices, Oxa was immobilized with 3.5% sodium alginate, 3.0% chitosan, and 0.2 M CaCl2 to improve the ZEN degradation efficiency (from 42.95% to 48.65%) and protect it from digestive juices. The activity of immobilized Oxa was 32\u201341% higher than that of the free crude enzyme at different temperatures (20\u201380 \u00b0C), pH values (2.0\u201312.0), storage conditions (4 \u00b0C and 25 \u00b0C), and gastrointestinal simulated digestion conditions. Accordingly, immobilized Oxa could be resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Owing to the colonization, efficient degradation performance, and probiotic functionality of L. acidophilus, it is an ideal host for detoxifying residual ZEN in vivo, demonstrating great potential for application in the feed industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15060387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1686276198000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Induced Expression of the Acinetobacter sp. Oxa Gene in Lactobacillus acidophilus and Its Increased ZEN Degradation Stability by Immobilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuqun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingzi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7950-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanshan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)99923-X","article-title":"The structure of zearalenone","volume":"7","author":"Urry","year":"1966","journal-title":"Tetrahedron. 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