{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:09:24Z","timestamp":1792112964200,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fisheries and Oceans Canada Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program (ACRDP)"},{"name":"the collaborations with Cermaq Canada Ltd."},{"name":"Greig Seafoods BC Limited"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada, negatively impact the salmon aquaculture industry. One disease of interest to salmon aquaculture is Net Pen Liver Disease (NPLD), which induces severe liver damage and is believed to be caused by the exposure to microcystins (MCs). To address the lack of information about algal toxins in BC marine environments and the risk they pose, this study investigated the presence of MCs and other toxins at aquaculture sites. Sampling was carried out using discrete water samples and Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) samplers from 2017\u20132019. All 283 SPATT samples and all 81 water samples tested positive for MCs. Testing for okadaic acid (OA) and domoic acid (DA) occurred in 66 and 43 samples, respectively, and all samples were positive for the toxin tested. Testing for dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) (20 samples), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) (20 samples), and yessotoxin (YTX) (17 samples) revealed that all samples were positive for the tested toxins. This study revealed the presence of multiple co-occurring toxins in BC\u2019s coastal waters and the levels detected in this study were below the regulatory limits for health and recreational use. This study expands our limited knowledge of algal toxins in coastal BC and shows that further studies are needed to understand the risks they pose to marine fisheries and ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15060395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T02:01:40Z","timestamp":1686708100000},"page":"395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Dissolved Algal Toxins along the Southern Coast of British Columbia Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ryan B.","family":"Shartau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA"},{"name":"Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenora D. M.","family":"Turcotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia C.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R. S.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair D.","family":"Surridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M.B. Laboratories, Sidney, BC V8L 5Y1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Nemcek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3161-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stewart C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Haigh, N., and Esenkulova, S. (2014). 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