{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:00Z","timestamp":1787030100572,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academia Sinica","award":["109-2621-B-020-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2621-B-020-001"]}]},{"name":"Academia Sinica","award":["110-2621-B-020-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2621-B-020-001"]}]},{"name":"Academia Sinica","award":["NPUST-111005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPUST-111005"]}]},{"name":"Academia Sinica","award":["CGMH-NPUST-2022-CORPG8M0111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NPUST-2022-CORPG8M0111"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["109-2621-B-020-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2621-B-020-001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["110-2621-B-020-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2621-B-020-001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["NPUST-111005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPUST-111005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CGMH-NPUST-2022-CORPG8M0111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NPUST-2022-CORPG8M0111"]}]},{"name":"Council of Agriculture, the Kaohsiung City Government, the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology","award":["109-2621-B-020-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2621-B-020-001"]}]},{"name":"Council of Agriculture, the Kaohsiung City Government, the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology","award":["110-2621-B-020-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2621-B-020-001"]}]},{"name":"Council of Agriculture, the Kaohsiung City Government, the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology","award":["NPUST-111005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPUST-111005"]}]},{"name":"Council of Agriculture, the Kaohsiung City Government, the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology","award":["CGMH-NPUST-2022-CORPG8M0111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NPUST-2022-CORPG8M0111"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Joint Research Program","award":["109-2621-B-020-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2621-B-020-001"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Joint Research Program","award":["110-2621-B-020-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2621-B-020-001"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Joint Research Program","award":["NPUST-111005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPUST-111005"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Joint Research Program","award":["CGMH-NPUST-2022-CORPG8M0111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NPUST-2022-CORPG8M0111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trimeresurus gracilis is an endemic alpine pitviper in Taiwan with controversial phylogeny, and its venom proteome remains unknown. In this study, we conducted a proteomic analysis of T.\u00a0gracilis venom using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and identified 155 toxin proteoforms that belong to 13 viperid venom toxin families. By searching the sequences of trypsin-digested peptides of the separated HPLC fractions against the NCBI database, T.\u00a0gracilis venom was found to contain 40.3% metalloproteases (SVMPs), 15.3% serine proteases, 6.6% phospholipases A2, 5.0% L-amino acid oxidase, 4.6% Cys-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), 3.2% disintegrins, 2.9% vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), 1.9% C-type lectin-like proteins, and 20.2% of minor toxins, nontoxins, and unidentified peptides or compounds. Sixteen of these proteoforms matched the toxins whose full amino-acid sequences have been deduced from T.\u00a0gracilis venom gland cDNA sequences. The hemorrhagic venom of T.\u00a0gracilis appears to be especially rich in PI-class SVMPs and lacks basic phospholipase A2. We also cloned and sequenced the cDNAs encoding two CRISP and three VEGF variants from T.\u00a0gracilis venom glands. Sequence alignments and comparison revealed that the PI-SVMP, kallikrein-like proteases, CRISPs, and VEGF-F of T.\u00a0gracilis and Ovophis okinavensis are structurally most similar, consistent with their close phylogenetic relationship. However, the expression levels of some of their toxins were rather different, possibly due to their distinct ecological and prey conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15070408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1687487647000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Venom Proteomics of Trimeresurus gracilis, a Taiwan-Endemic Pitviper, and Comparison of Its Venom Proteome and VEGF and CRISP Sequences with Those of the Most Related Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tsz-Chun","family":"Tse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inn-Ho","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuen-Ying","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7245-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tein-Shun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalan, J., Ninot, J.M., and Aniz, M.M. 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