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However, little is known about the composition and effects of their venoms despite their relevance for understanding the evolution of these snakes or even their impact on the occasional cases of human envenoming. In this study, we integrated venom gland transcriptomics, venom proteomics and functional assays to characterize the venoms from eight species of the Philodryadini tribe, which includes the genus Philodryas, Chlorosoma and Xenoxybelis. The most abundant components identified in the venoms were snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), C-type lectins (CTLs), snake endogenous matrix metalloproteinases type 9 (seMMP-9) and snake venom serinoproteinases (SVSPs). These protein families showed a variable expression profile in each genus. SVMPs were the most abundant components in Philodryas, while seMMP-9 and CRISPs were the most expressed in Chlorosoma and Xenoxybelis, respectively. Lineage-specific differences in venom composition were also observed among Philodryas species, whereas P. olfersii presented the highest amount of SVSPs and P. agassizii was the only species to express significant amounts of 3FTx. The variability observed in venom composition was confirmed by the venom functional assays. Philodryas species presented the highest SVMP activity, whereas Chlorosoma species showed higher levels of gelatin activity, which may correlate to the seMMP-9 enzymes. The variability observed in the composition of these venoms may be related to the tribe phylogeny and influenced by their diets. In the presented study, we expanded the set of venomics studies of the Philodryadini tribe, which paves new roads for further studies on the evolution and ecology of Dipsadidae snakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15070415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Venom Composition of the Snake Tribe Philodryadini: \u2018Omic\u2019 Techniques Reveal Intergeneric Variability among South American Racers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1319-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilly Campos","family":"Tioyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias-Toxinologia, Escola Superior do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-210, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan David","family":"Bayona-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias-Toxinologia, Escola Superior do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-210, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Portes-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3196-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Gabriel","family":"Nachtigall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicius Carius","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-5162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emidio","family":"Beraldo-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biof\u00edsica, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9896-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Gobbi","family":"Grazziotin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e1cio L. M.","family":"Junqueira-de-Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1787-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Moura-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Aparecida","family":"Freitas-de-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1590\/S0031-10492009001100001","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification and descriptions of new taxa","volume":"49","author":"Zaher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pap. 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