{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:24:50Z","timestamp":1789424690065,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]],"date-time":"2023-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comit\u00e9 para el Desarrollo de la Investigaci\u00f3n (CODI) (723 of 2016-07-13) of the Universidad de Antioquia","award":["303045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303045"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT PRONAII","award":["303045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spider venoms are composed, among other substances, of peptide toxins whose selectivity for certain physiological targets has made them powerful tools for applications such as bioinsecticides, analgesics, antiarrhythmics, antibacterials, antifungals and antimalarials, among others. Bioinsecticides are an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional agrochemicals. In this paper, the primary structure of an insecticidal peptide was obtained from the venom gland transcriptome of the ctenid spider Phoneutria depilata (Transcript ID PhdNtxNav24). The peptide contains 53 amino acids, including 10 Cys residues that form 5 disulfide bonds. Using the amino acid sequence of such peptide, a synthetic gene was constructed de novo by overlapping PCRs and cloned into an expression vector. A recombinant peptide, named delta-ctenitoxin (rCtx-4), was obtained. It was expressed, folded, purified and validated using mass spectrometry (7994.61 Da). The insecticidal activity of rCtx-4 was demonstrated through intrathoracic injection in crickets (LD50 1.2 \u03bcg\/g insect) and it was not toxic to mice. rCtx-4 is a potential bioinsecticide that could have a broad spectrum of applications in agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15070436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:49:27Z","timestamp":1688345367000},"page":"436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Heterologous Expression of an Insecticidal Peptide Obtained from the Transcriptome of the Colombian Spider Phoneutria depilate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Julieta","family":"V\u00e1squez-Escobar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Toxinolog\u00eda y Alternativas Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 1226, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora Mar\u00eda","family":"Benjumea-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Toxinolog\u00eda y Alternativas Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 1226, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Lopera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Toxinolog\u00eda y Alternativas Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 1226, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7671-813X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herlinda C.","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damaris I.","family":"Bola\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luis","family":"Higuita-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PECET\u2014Programa para el Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo A.","family":"Corzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2716-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligia Luz","family":"Corrales-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico"},{"name":"PECET\u2014Programa para el Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Departamento de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 1226, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1564\/v24_feb_05","article-title":"Natural Born Insect Killers: Spider-venom Peptides and Their Potential for Managing Arthropod Pests","volume":"24","author":"Ikonomopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Outlooks Pest Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"B\u00e1nki, O., Roskov, Y., D\u00f6ring, M., Ower, G., Vandepitte, L., Hobern, D., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., DeWalt, R.E., and Keping, M. 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