{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:50:01Z","timestamp":1791611401953,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aluminosilicates are adsorbents able to bind mycotoxins, and their chemical modification increases their affinity to adsorb low-polarity mycotoxins. To further investigate if the inclusion of salts in bentonite modifies its adsorptive capacity, we studied T-2 toxin adsorption in natural bentonite (NB) and when modified with quaternary ammonium salts differing in polarity and chain length: myristyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (B14), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (B16) and benzyl dimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride (B18). The results showed that quaternary salts made bentonite: displace monovalent (Na+1, K+1) and divalent (Mg+2, Ca+2) ions; reduce its porosity; change its compaction and structure, becoming more crystalline and ordered; and modify the charge balance of sheets. T-2 adsorption was higher in all modified materials compared to NB (p \u2264 0.0001), and B16 (42.96%) better adsorbed T-2 compared to B18 (35.80%; p = 0.0066). B14 (38.40%) showed no differences compared to B16 and B18 (p &gt; 0.05). We described the T-2 adsorption mechanism in B16, in which hydrogen bond interactions, Van der Waals forces and the replacement of the salt by T-2 were found. Our results showed that interaction types due to the inclusion in B16 might be more important than the hydrocarbon chain length to improve the adsorptive capacity of bentonite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15070470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:15:45Z","timestamp":1690161345000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spectroscopic and Microestructural Evidence for T-2 Toxin Adsorption Mechanism by Natural Bentonite Modified with Organic Cations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fernando Abiram","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliseo","family":"Cristiani-Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2656-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Morales-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3273-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Nelly","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Vegetal, Unidad de Biolog\u00eda, Tecnolog\u00eda y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Barbo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-799X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar Mateo","family":"Flores-Ort\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Vegetal, Unidad de Biolog\u00eda, Tecnolog\u00eda y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.020","article-title":"Determination of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in wheat and oat-based bran supplements sold in the Spanish market","volume":"53","author":"Vidal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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