{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:58:43Z","timestamp":1774933123129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indian Red Scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) stings are a neglected public health problem in tropical and sub-tropical countries, including India. The drawbacks of conventional therapies using commercial anti-scorpion antivenom (ASA) and \u03b11-adrenoreceptor antagonists (AAA) have prompted us to search for an adequate formulation to improve treatment against M. tamulus stings. Novel therapeutic drug formulations (TDF) of low doses of commercial ASA, AAA, and ascorbic acid have remarkably improved in neutralising the in vivo toxic effects of M. tamulus venom (MTV) tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and Wistar strain albino rats in vivo models. The neutralisation of MTV-induced production of free radicals, alteration of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and upregulated expression of genes involved in apoptosis, detoxification, and stress response in C. elegans by TDF surpassed the same effect shown by individual components of the TDF. Further, TDF efficiently neutralized the MTV-induced increase in blood glucose level within 30 to 60 min post-treatment, organ tissue damage, necrosis, and pulmonary oedema in Wistar rats, indicating its clinical application for effecting treating M. tamulus envenomation. This study demonstrates for the first time that C. elegans can be a model organism for screening the neutralization potency of the drug molecules against a neurotoxic scorpion venom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15080504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:40:31Z","timestamp":1692009631000},"page":"504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Novel Therapeutic Formulation for the Improved Treatment of Indian Red Scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) Venom-Induced Toxicity-Tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and Rodent Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1263-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhabana","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dev","family":"Madhubala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India"},{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Garchuk, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5118-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurov","family":"Mahanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), Guwahati 781008, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aparup","family":"Patra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Garchuk, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Upasana","family":"Puzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojibur R.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Garchuk, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9869-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashis K.","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India"},{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Garchuk, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.68.11.478","article-title":"Management of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the Indian red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus)","volume":"68","author":"Bawaskar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00120","article-title":"Correlation of venom toxinome composition of Indian red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) with clinical manifestations of scorpion stings: Failure of commercial antivenom to immune-recognize the abundance of low molecular mass toxins of this venom","volume":"19","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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