{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T20:44:31Z","timestamp":1776285871709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"Danlei Sun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201908420247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201908420247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"Danlei Sun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3.4553.08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3.4553.08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"Danlei Sun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T.0136.13 PDR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T.0136.13 PDR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"Danlei Sun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FER-2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FER-2007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["201908420247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201908420247"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["3.4553.08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3.4553.08"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["T.0136.13 PDR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T.0136.13 PDR"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["FER-2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FER-2007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201908420247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201908420247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3.4553.08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3.4553.08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T.0136.13 PDR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T.0136.13 PDR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FER-2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FER-2007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles","award":["201908420247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201908420247"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles","award":["3.4553.08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3.4553.08"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles","award":["T.0136.13 PDR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T.0136.13 PDR"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles","award":["FER-2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FER-2007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kashin\u2013Beck disease (KBD) is a multifactorial endemic disease that only occurs in specific Asian areas. Mycotoxin contamination, especially from the Fusarium spp., has been considered as one of the environmental risk factors that could provoke chondrocyte and cartilage damage. This study aimed to investigate whether new mycotoxins could be identified in KBD-endemic regions as a potential KBD risk factor. This was investigated on 292 barley samples collected in Tibet during 2009\u20132016 and 19 wheat samples collected in Inner Mongolia in 2006, as control, from KBD-endemic and non-endemic areas. The LC-HRMS(\/MS) data, obtained by a general mycotoxin extraction technic, were interpreted by both untargeted metabolomics and molecular networks, allowing us to identify a discriminating compound, enniatin B, a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium spp. The presence of Fusarium spp. DNA was detected in KBD-endemic area barley samples. Further studies are required to investigate the role of this mycotoxin in KBD development in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15090533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:09:49Z","timestamp":1693390189000},"page":"533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Untargeted Metabolomics Approach Correlated Enniatin B Mycotoxin Presence in Cereals with Kashin\u2013Beck Disease Endemic Regions of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Danlei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit & Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy (APFP), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Chasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8878-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashin\u2013Beck Disease Fund, 6953 Forrieres, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lechanteur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bone and Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4934-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Van Antwerpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit & Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy (APFP), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Rasschaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bone and Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7588-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7453-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Delporte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit & Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy (APFP), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749409117126","article-title":"Kashin-Beck Disease. An Analysis of Research and Public Health Activities Based on a Bibliography 1849\u20131992","volume":"23","author":"Allander","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15498","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015498","article-title":"Pathway-Based Network Analyses and Candidate Genes Associated with Kashin-Beck Disease","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2267-6","article-title":"Association of Clinical Features of Bone and Joint Lesions between Children and Parents with Kashin-Beck Disease in Northwest China","volume":"32","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Malaisse, F., and Mathieu, F. (2008). Big Bone Disease: A Multidisciplinary Approach of Kashin-Beck Disease in Tibet Autonomous Region (P.R. China), Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"139","article-title":"Clinical aspects and diagnosis of Kashin-Beck disease","volume":"60","author":"Rosin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ter. Arkhiv"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12297","article-title":"Death of Chondrocytes in Kashin-Beck Disease: Apoptosis, Necrosis or Necroptosis?","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70453-0","article-title":"Fungal Contamination in Barley and Kashin-Beck Disease in Tibet","volume":"350","author":"Chasseur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640000218","article-title":"A 4-Year Study of the Mycological Aspects of Kashin-Beck Disease in Tibet","volume":"25","author":"Chasseur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810153391604","article-title":"Kashin-Beck Osteoarthropathy in Rural Tibet in Relation to Selenium and Iodine Status","volume":"339","author":"Suetens","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02899-9","article-title":"An Update on T-2 Toxin and Its Modified Forms: Metabolism, Immunotoxicity Mechanism, and Human Exposure Assessment","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.52.3.594-596.1986","article-title":"T-2 Toxin Production by Fusarium acuminatum Isolated from Oats and Barley","volume":"52","author":"Rabie","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.1.254-255.1989","article-title":"Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium sporotrichioides Isolated from Baccharis spp. from Brazil","volume":"55","author":"Mirocha","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0408-2","article-title":"T-2 Toxin Alters the Levels of Collagen II and Its Regulatory Enzymes MMPs\/TIMP-1 in a Low-Selenium Rat Model of Kashin-Beck Disease","volume":"169","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TX00377F","article-title":"The Effects of T-2 Toxin on the Prevalence and Development of Kashin\u2013Beck Disease in China: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04322-2","article-title":"Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profiles of Patients with Kashin-Beck Disease, an Endemic Osteoarthritis in China","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Australian Agency for International Development (2002). Water and Primary Health Care for Tibetan Villagers."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0333-4","article-title":"Hair Selenium Levels of School Children in Kashin-Beck Disease Endemic Areas in Tibet, China","volume":"168","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05669-9","article-title":"Prevalence of Pediatric Kashin-Beck Disease in Tibet","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhao, S., Yang, L., Gong, H., Li, H., and Nima, C. (2021). Assessing the Health Loss from Kashin-Beck Disease and Its Relationship with Environmental Selenium in Qamdo District of Tibet, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010011"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NP00004F","article-title":"Innovative Omics-Based Approaches for Prioritisation and Targeted Isolation of Natural Products\u2014New Strategies for Drug Discovery","volume":"36","author":"Wolfender","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu813","article-title":"Workflow4Metabolomics: A Collaborative Research Infrastructure for Computational Metabolomics","volume":"31","author":"Giacomoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00710-w","article-title":"Using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 for LC\u2013HRMS Spectra Processing, Multi-Omics Integration and Covariate Adjustment of Global Metabolomics Data","volume":"17","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01690-2","article-title":"Integrative Analysis of Multimodal Mass Spectrometry Data in MZmine 3","volume":"41","author":"Schmid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3597","article-title":"Sharing and Community Curation of Mass Spectrometry Data with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0344-8","article-title":"SIRIUS 4: A Rapid Tool for Turning Tandem Mass Spectra into Metabolite Structure Information","volume":"16","author":"Fleischauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohlberg, E., Virkaj\u00e4rvi, V., Parikka, P., R\u00e4m\u00f6, S., Laitila, A., and Sarlin, T. (2022). Taqman QPCR Quantification and Fusarium Community Analysis to Evaluate Toxigenic Fungi in Cereals. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14010045"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2016.00026","article-title":"Biosigner: A New Method for the Discovery of Significant Molecular Signatures from Omics Data","volume":"3","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13900","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03099","article-title":"MetGem Software for the Generation of Molecular Networks Based on the T-SNE Algorithm","volume":"90","author":"Olivon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030410001713906","article-title":"Presence and Concentrations of the Fusarium-Related Mycotoxins Beauvericin, Enniatins and Moniliformin in Finnish Grain Samples","volume":"21","author":"Jestoi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.1021\/cr050001f","article-title":"Chemistry and Biology of Mycotoxins and Related Fungal Metabolites","volume":"109","author":"Encinas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aizat, W.M., Goh, H.-H., and Baharum, S.N. (2018). Omics Applications for Systems Biology, Springer International Publishing. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98758-3"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2011.1331","article-title":"Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin and Enniatins: Occurrence in Food\u2014A Review","volume":"5","author":"Santini","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.11.004","article-title":"Beauvericin and Enniatins A, A1, B and B1 in Norwegian Grain: A Survey","volume":"94","author":"Uhlig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-023-00487-1","article-title":"Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Freshly Harvested Highland Barley (Qingke) Grains from Tibet, China","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.11.002","article-title":"Butenolide Induced Cytotoxicity by Disturbing the Prooxidant\u2013Antioxidant Balance, and Antioxidants Partly Quench in Human Chondrocytes","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.07.002","article-title":"T-2 Toxin Enhances Catabolic Activity of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes through ROS-NF-\u039aB-HIF-2\u03b1 Pathway","volume":"26","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0900074","article-title":"Effects of Moniliformin and Selenium on Human Articular Cartilage Metabolism and Their Potential Relationships to the Pathogenesis of Kashin-Beck Disease","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"146","article-title":"Determination of T-2 toxin in the staple food from the sick families in Kashin-Back Disease (KBD) areas","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin. J. Endem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lys\u00f8e, E., Harris, L.J., Walkowiak, S., Subramaniam, R., Divon, H.H., Riiser, E.S., Llorens, C., Gabald\u00f3n, T., Kistler, H.C., and Jonkers, W. (2014). The Genome of the Generalist Plant Pathogen Fusarium avenaceum Is Enriched with Genes Involved in Redox, Signaling and Secondary Metabolism. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112703"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941734","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.941734","article-title":"Biological Characterization and in Vitro Fungicide Screenings of a New Causal Agent of Wheat Fusarium Head Blight in Tibet, China","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2012.672476","article-title":"Influence of Agronomic and Climatic Factors on Fusarium Infestation and Mycotoxin Contamination of Cereals in Norway","volume":"29","author":"Bernhoft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.07.001","article-title":"The Fusarium Mycotoxins Enniatins and Beauvericin Cause Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Affecting the Mitochondrial Volume Regulation, Oxidative Phosphorylation and Ion Homeostasis","volume":"276","author":"Tonshin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1021\/tx600259t","article-title":"Enniatin Exerts P53-Dependent Cytostatic and P53-Independent Cytotoxic Activities against Human Cancer Cells","volume":"20","author":"Dornetshuber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.04.017","article-title":"Fusarium Mycotoxin Enniatin B: Cytotoxic Effects and Changes in Gene Expression Profile","volume":"34","author":"Jonsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.07.009","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Involvement in Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Damage in Caco-2 Cells Induced by Enniatins A, A1, B and B1","volume":"222","author":"Prosperini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22367","article-title":"Enniatin B and Beauvericin Are Common in Danish Cereals and Show High Hepatotoxicity on a High-Content Imaging Platform","volume":"32","author":"Svingen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.11.005","article-title":"Pilot Toxicokinetic Study and Absolute Oral Bioavailability of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Enniatin B1 in Pigs","volume":"63","author":"Devreese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7259","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02913","article-title":"Comparative Oral Bioavailability, Toxicokinetics, and Biotransformation of Enniatin B1 and Enniatin B in Broiler Chickens","volume":"64","author":"Fraeyman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.11.068","article-title":"Quantitative Determination of the Fusarium Mycotoxins Beauvericin, Enniatin A, A1, B and B1 in Pig Plasma Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"106","author":"Devreese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraeyman, S., Croubels, S., Devreese, M., Ducatelle, R., Rychlik, M., and Antonissen, G. (2018). Chronic Dietary Intake of Enniatin B in Broiler Chickens Has Low Impact on Intestinal Morphometry and Hepatic Histology, and Shows Limited Transfer to Liver Tissue. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10010045"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.05.052","article-title":"Urinary Levels of Enniatin B and Its Phase I Metabolites: First Human Pilot Biomonitoring Study","volume":"118","author":"Izzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12990","DOI":"10.1021\/jf203391x","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol, Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside, and Enniatins: The Major Mycotoxins Found in Cereal-Based Products on the Czech Market","volume":"59","author":"Malachova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/15\/9\/533\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:43:14Z","timestamp":1760128994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/15\/9\/533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins15090533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins15090533","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]}}}