{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:00Z","timestamp":1787030100439,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH\/NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44DK102240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44DK102240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH\/NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R43DK120242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43DK120242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH\/NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25EB023856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25EB023856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH\/NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01EB021214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01EB021214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH\/NIBIB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44DK102240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44DK102240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH\/NIBIB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R43DK120242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43DK120242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH\/NIBIB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25EB023856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25EB023856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH\/NIBIB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01EB021214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01EB021214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Patsy Guglielmo","award":["R44DK102240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44DK102240"]}]},{"name":"Patsy Guglielmo","award":["R43DK120242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43DK120242"]}]},{"name":"Patsy Guglielmo","award":["R25EB023856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25EB023856"]}]},{"name":"Patsy Guglielmo","award":["U01EB021214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01EB021214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable models of renal failure in large animals are critical to the successful translation of the next generation of renal replacement therapies (RRT) into humans. While models exist for the induction of renal failure, none are optimized for the implantation of devices to the retroperitoneal vasculature. We successfully piloted an embolization-to-implantation protocol enabling the first implant of a silicon nanopore membrane hemodialyzer (SNMHD) in a swine renal failure model. Renal arterial embolization is a non-invasive approach to near-total nephrectomy that preserves retroperitoneal anatomy for device implants. Silicon nanopore membranes (SNM) are efficient blood-compatible membranes that enable novel approaches to RRT. Yucatan minipigs underwent staged bilateral renal arterial embolization to induce renal failure, managed by intermittent hemodialysis. A small-scale arteriovenous SNMHD prototype was implanted into the retroperitoneum. Dialysate catheters were tunneled externally for connection to a dialysate recirculation pump. SNMHD clearance was determined by intermittent sampling of recirculating dialysate. Creatinine and urea clearance through the SNMHD were 76\u2013105 mL\/min\/m2 and 140\u2013165 mL\/min\/m2, respectively, without albumin leakage. Normalized creatinine and urea clearance measured in the SNMHD may translate to a fully implantable clinical-scale device. This pilot study establishes a path toward therapeutic testing of the clinical-scale SNMHD and other implantable RRT devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15090547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:24:30Z","timestamp":1693823070000},"page":"547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Renal Embolization-Induced Uremic Swine Model for Assessment of Next-Generation Implantable Hemodialyzers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jarrett","family":"Moyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Silicon Kidney, San Ramon, CA 94583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Sorrentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Santandreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caressa","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outset Medical, San Jose, CA 95134, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Kerdok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outset Medical, San Jose, CA 95134, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Porock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Silicon Kidney, San Ramon, CA 94583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Silicon Kidney, San Ramon, CA 94583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Blaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Silicon Kidney, San Ramon, CA 94583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynda A.","family":"Frassetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Fissell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silicon Kidney, San Ramon, CA 94583, USA"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shant M.","family":"Vartanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3236-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuvo","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Surgery, Medicine, and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Silicon Kidney, San Ramon, CA 94583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16982","article-title":"OPTN\/SRTR 2020 Annual Data Report: Kidney","volume":"22","author":"Lentine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NIDDK, and USRDS (2023, January 10). Annual Data Report. Available online: https:\/\/adr.usrds.org\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.336","article-title":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in ESRD: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"79","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(01)00006-8","article-title":"Endocrine Abnormalities in Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"31","author":"Leavey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.12.1401","article-title":"Association of Kidney Function with Anemia: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988\u20131994)","volume":"162","author":"Astor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280151080522","article-title":"Disability under Social Security for Patients with ESRD: An Evidence-Based Review","volume":"23","author":"Tappe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011070674","article-title":"Survival with Three-Times Weekly In-Center Nocturnal versus Conventional Hemodialysis","volume":"23","author":"Lacson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86397","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86397","article-title":"A Wearable Artificial Kidney for Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease","volume":"1","author":"Gura","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02790409","article-title":"Technical Breakthroughs in the Wearable Artificial Kidney (WAK)","volume":"4","author":"Gura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, J.J., Carter, J.A., Hill, K., DesOrmeaux, J.-P.S., Carter, R.N., Gaborski, T.R., Roussie, J.A., McGrath, J.L., and Johnson, D.G. (2020). Free Standing, Large-Area Silicon Nitride Membranes for High Toxin Clearance in Blood Surrogate for Small-Format Hemodialysis. Membranes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10060119"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nesbitt, H. (2023, January 10). American Society of Nephrology|Kidney Week\u2014Abstract Details. Available online: https:\/\/www.asn-online.org\/education\/kidneyweek\/2021\/program-abstract.aspx?controlId=3604321."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000367","article-title":"First Implantation of Silicon Nanopore Membrane Hemofilters","volume":"62","author":"Kensinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e14593","article-title":"Evaluation of a System for Sorbent-assisted Peritoneal Dialysis in a Uremic Pig Model","volume":"8","author":"Simonis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14396","article-title":"Wearable and Implantable Artificial Kidney Devices for End-Stage Kidney Disease Treatment\u2014Current Status and Review","volume":"47","author":"Groth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.07.009","article-title":"Upscaling of a Living Membrane for Bioartificial Kidney Device","volume":"790","author":"Chevtchik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/8626","article-title":"Replacement of Renal Function in Uremic Animals with a Tissue-Engineered Kidney","volume":"17","author":"Humes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"159","article-title":"The Bioartificial Kidney: Progress towards an Ultrafiltration Device with Renal Epithelial Cells Processing","volume":"5","author":"Aebischer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Life Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007080895","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Renal Tubule Cell Therapy for Acute Renal Failure","volume":"19","author":"Tumlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-008-0050-9","article-title":"A Peritoneal-Based Automated Wearable Artificial Kidney","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.21820\/23987073.2018.3.55","article-title":"WEAKID\u2014Clinical Validation of Miniature Wearable Dialysis Machine\u2014H2020","volume":"2018","author":"Gerritsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Impact"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677217718861","article-title":"Sheep Model of Haemodialysis Treatment","volume":"52","author":"Bujok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vries, J.C., van Gelder, M.K., Monninkhof, A.S., Ahmed, S., Hazenbrink, D.H.M., Nguyen, T.Q., de Kort, G.A.P., Vonken, E.-J.P.A., Vaessen, K.R.D., and Joles, J.A. (2022). A Uremic Pig Model for Peritoneal Dialysis. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14090635"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Gelder, M.K., de Vries, J.C., Ahmed, S., Monninkhof, A.S., de Kort, G.A.P., Vonken, E.-J.P.A., Hazenbrink, D.H.M., Vaessen, K.R.D., Nguyen, T.Q., and Verhaar, M.C. (2021). A Uremic Goat Model Created by Subtotal Renal Artery Embolization and Gentamicin. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040292"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.04.001","article-title":"The Porcine Remnant Kidney Model of Chronic Renal Insufficiency","volume":"135","author":"Misra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2019-0052","article-title":"Establishment of Renal Failure Models by Laparoscopy in Bama Pigs Which Underwent Partial Nephrectomy and Radical Contralateral Nephrectomy","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-865020160110000008","article-title":"Glomerular Loss after Arteriovenous and Arterial Clamping for Renal Warm Ischemia in a Swine Model","volume":"31","author":"Bechara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damasceno-Ferreira, J.A., Abreu, L.A.S., Bechara, G.R., Costa, W.S., Pereira-Sampaio, M.A., Sampaio, F.J.B., and De Souza, D.B. (2018). Mannitol Reduces Nephron Loss after Warm Renal Ischemia in a Porcine Model. BMC Urol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-018-0328-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.04.019","article-title":"Laparoscopic Warm Renal Ischemia in the Solitary Porcine Kidney Model","volume":"64","author":"Baldwin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.05.027","article-title":"Defining Maximal Renal Tolerance to Warm Ischemia in Porcine Laparoscopic and Open Surgery Model","volume":"66","author":"Orvieto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1030","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00022.2021","article-title":"Porcine Models of Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"320","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001319","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine Ameliorates Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Enhancing Autophagy and Reducing Oxidative Damage in Miniature Pigs","volume":"52","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685950","article-title":"Long-Term Studies of Cisplatin-Induced Reductions in Porcine Renal Functional Reserve","volume":"29","author":"Robbins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Feinberg, B., Kant, R., Chui, B., Goldman, K., Park, J., Moses, W., Blaha, C., Iqbal, Z., and Chow, C. (2016). Diffusive Silicon Nanopore Membranes for Hemodialysis Applications. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159526"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.09.039","article-title":"High-Performance Silicon Nanopore Hemofiltration Membranes","volume":"326","author":"Fissell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.12.003","article-title":"Permeability\u2014Selectivity Analysis for Ultrafiltration: Effect of Pore Geometry","volume":"349","author":"Kanani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009903215959","article-title":"Nanopore Technology for Biomedical Applications","volume":"2","author":"Desai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00814","article-title":"Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Response of Silicon Nanopore-Immunoprotected Islets under Convective Transport","volume":"3","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2013.08.001","article-title":"Ultrathin Silicon Membranes for Wearable Dialysis","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900750","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900750","article-title":"Second Generation Nanoporous Silicon Nitride Membranes for High Toxin Clearance and Small Format Hemodialysis","volume":"9","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.05.031","article-title":"Atomic Layer Deposition of Alumina on Porous Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes for Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Separation Performances","volume":"415\u2013416","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.11.063","article-title":"Static Adsorption of Protein-Polysaccharide Hybrids on Hydrophilic Modified Membranes Based on Atomic Layer Deposition: Anti-Fouling Performance and Mechanism Insight","volume":"548","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328219831044","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Hemocompatibility Assessment of Ultrathin Sulfobetaine Polymer Coatings for Silicon-Based Implants","volume":"34","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Moyer, J., Wilson, M., Santandreu, A., Chen, C., Hu, D., Kerdok, A., Porock, E., Wright, N., Ly, J., and Blaha, C. (2022, January 3\u20136). Endovascular Nephrectomy in Swine for Evaluation of Implantable Devices for Renal Replacement Therapy. Proceedings of the American Society of Nephrology Kidney Week 2022, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21767\/2472-5056.100060","article-title":"Anatomical and Physiological Similarities of Kidney in Different Experimental Animals Used for Basic Studies","volume":"3","author":"Morya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022017000100050","article-title":"Morphological Characterization of the Renal Arteries in the Pig: Comparative Analysis with the Human","volume":"35","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2020.1830108","article-title":"Large Animal Models for Translational Research in Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"42","author":"Packialakshmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00883","article-title":"Conventional Pig as Animal Model for Human Renal Drug Excretion Processes: Unravelling the Porcine Renal Function by Use of a Cocktail of Exogenous Markers","volume":"11","author":"Dhondt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1021\/la034753l","article-title":"Evaluation of the Stability of Nonfouling Ultrathin Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Films for Silicon-Based Microdevices","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34932","article-title":"Enhancement of the Anticoagulant Capacity of Polyvinyl Chloride Tubing for Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuit Using Aluminum Oxide Nanoscale Coating Applied through Atomic Layer Deposition","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2020.3013606","article-title":"A Scalable, Hierarchical Rib Design for Larger-Area, Higher-Porosity Nanoporous Membranes for the Implantable Bio-Artificial Kidney","volume":"29","author":"Chui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2023, February 18). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. Available online: https:\/\/www.avma.org\/resources-tools\/avma-policies\/avma-guidelines-euthanasia-animals."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/15\/9\/547\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:04Z","timestamp":1760129164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/15\/9\/547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins15090547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins15090547","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]}}}