{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:23:31Z","timestamp":1793046211605,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special projects of research institutes in Zhejiang Province","award":["HYS-CZ-202308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYS-CZ-202308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly toxic compound detected in various edible marine animals even in European waters. To characterize the hazard by oral exposure to TTX, its tissue distribution was evaluated after single (75 \u03bcg\/kg) or 7-day (25\u2013125 \u03bcg\/kg) oral administration in mice. Moreover, TTX liver and renal toxicity was evaluated after 7-day oral administration. The elimination cycle of a single oral dose of TTX (75 \u00b5g\/kg) was found to be approximately 168 h (7 days). Daily oral administration of TTX at doses of 25, 75, and 125 \u00b5g\/kg for 7 consecutive days revealed dose-dependent toxic effects on the liver and kidney. Histopathological examination showed increased inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver and kidney with higher TTX doses, along with disorganization of the hepatic cord and renal tubular cell arrangement. The study results indicated that TTX had more hepatotoxicity than nephrotoxicity in mice. These findings provide insights into the unintentional ingestion of a low dose of TTX in mammals, including humans, and emphasize the importance of food safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15090564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T07:57:17Z","timestamp":1694159837000},"page":"564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hepatorenal Toxicity after 7-Day Oral Administration of Low-Dose Tetrodotoxin and Its Distribution in the Main Tissues in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yaqian","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7106-8","article-title":"Development and single laboratory validation of an optical biosensor assay for tetrodotoxin detection as a tool to combat emerging risks in European seafood","volume":"405","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. 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