{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:55:08Z","timestamp":1793429708746,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/07467-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07467-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88882.327985\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.327985\/2019-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Butantan, Instituto Butantan, and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/07467-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07467-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Butantan, Instituto Butantan, and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88882.327985\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.327985\/2019-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accidents with snakes are responsible for about 32,000 deaths annually in sub-Saharan Africa, caused mostly by snakes from the genus Bitis, in particular Bitis arietans. B. arietans venom is composed of a complex mixture of toxins, mainly metalloproteases, serine proteases, phospholipases, lectins, and disintegrins. In this work, we compared two approaches to anti-B. arietans antivenom production: immunization with crude snake venom (\u201ctraditional approach\u201d) and immunization with selected key toxins isolated from the snake venom (\u201ctoxin oriented\u201d approach). Fractions from B. arietans venom were isolated by size exclusion chromatography. Crude venom and samples containing serine proteases or metalloproteases were selected for the immunization of BALB\/c mice. Anti-B. arietans and anti-serine proteases plasmas showed a similar recognition profile and higher titers and affinity than the anti-metalloproteases plasma. Cross-recognition of other Bitis venoms was observed, but with low intensity. Although the plasma of all experimental groups inhibited the enzymatic activity of B. arietans venom in vitro, in vivo protection was not achieved. Our results have shown limitations in both approaches considered. Based on this, we proposed a model of polyclonal, species-specific, monovalent antivenoms that could be used as a base to produce customizable polyvalent sera for use in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15090584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T21:47:03Z","timestamp":1695246423000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing Traditional and Toxin-Oriented Approaches towards Antivenom Production against Bitis arietans Snake Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Felipe Raimondi","family":"Guidolin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemily Stephanie","family":"de Godoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Alice Amadeu","family":"Megale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane Castilho Fernandes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Tadashi","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Cajado-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo Kei","family":"Iwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Jack","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Calheta Vieira","family":"Portaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilmar Dias","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasturiratne, A., Wickremasinghe, A.R., Silva, N., Gunawardena, N.K., Pathmeswaran, A., Premaratna, R., Savioli, L., Lalloo, D.G., and de Silva, H.J. 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