{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:56:48Z","timestamp":1790139408492,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEXT scholarship","award":["MEXT-173591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEXT-173591"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calamus tenuis is a shrub species distributed across South Asia. It grows well in diversified habitats and tends to dominate plants in the surrounding environment. The phytotoxicity of C. tenuis and the action of its phytochemicals against other plant species could explain its dominant behavior. Compounds with phytotoxic activity are in high demand as prospective sources of ecofriendly bioherbicides. Therefore, we investigated the phytotoxicity of C. tenuis. Aqueous methanol extracts of this plant species significantly limited the growth of four test plant species, two monocots (barnyard grass and timothy), and two dicots (alfalfa and cress), in a dose- and species-dependent manner. Bio-directed chromatographic isolation of the C. tenuis extracts yielded two major active substances: a novel compound, calamulactone {(S)-methyl 8-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl) octanoate}, and 3-oxo-\u03b1-ionone. Both of the identified compounds exerted strong growth inhibitory effects on cress and timothy seedlings. The concentrations of 3-oxo-\u03b1-ionone and calamulactone required to limit the growth of the cress seedlings by 50% (I50) were 281.6\u2013199.5 and 141.1\u2013105.5 \u00b5M, respectively, indicating that the effect of calamulactone was stronger with lower I50 values. Similarly, the seedlings of timothy also showed a considerably higher sensitivity to calamulactone (I50: 40.5\u201384.4 \u00b5M) than to 3-oxo-\u03b1-ionone (I50: 107.8\u2013144.7 \u00b5M). The findings indicated that the leaves of C. tenuis have marked growth-inhibitory potential, and could affect surrounding plants to exert dominance over the surrounding plant community. Moreover, the two identified phytotoxic substances might play a key role in the phytotoxicity of C. tenuis, and could be a template for bioherbicide development. This paper was the first to report calamulactone and its phytotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15100595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1696220888000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phytotoxicity and Phytotoxic Substances in Calamus tenuis Roxb."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0943-5540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Mahfuzur","family":"Rob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki 761-0795, Japan"},{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9795-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawsar","family":"Hossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki 761-0795, Japan"},{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8668-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaori","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7018-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Teruya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8636-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisashi","family":"Kato-Noguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki 761-0795, Japan"},{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-018-0106-x","article-title":"The relative contribution of natural landscapes and human-mediated factors on the connectivity of a noxious invasive weed","volume":"122","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2019.105003","article-title":"Plant pest impact metric system (PPIMS): Framework and guidelines for a common set of metrics to classify and prioritise plant pests","volume":"128","author":"Ireland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2015.07.012","article-title":"Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review","volume":"183","author":"Nichols","year":"2015","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2018.12.006","article-title":"Isolation, structural elucidation and bioherbicidal activity of an eco-friendly bioactive 2-(hydroxymethyl) phenol, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (C1501) and its ecotoxicological evaluation on soil","volume":"13","author":"Adetunji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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