{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:23:25Z","timestamp":1789039405122,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2019R1C1C1010776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1C1C1010776"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022R1I1A1A01069499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1I1A1A01069499"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pectoralis Minor Syndrome (PMS) causes significant discomfort due to the compression of the neurovascular bundle within the retropectoralis minor space. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections have emerged as a potential treatment method; however, their effectiveness depends on accurately locating the injection site. In this study, we aimed to identify optimal BoNT injection sites for PMS treatment. We used twenty-nine embalmed and eight non-embalmed human cadavers to determine the origin and intramuscular arborization of the pectoralis minor muscle (Pm) via manual dissection and Sihler\u2019s nerve staining techniques. Our findings showed the Pm\u2019s origin near an oblique line through the suprasternal notch, with most neural arborization within the proximal three-fourths of the Pm. Blind dye injections validated these results, effectively targeting the primary neural arborized area of the Pm at the oblique line\u2019s intersection with the second and third ribs. We propose BoNT injections at the arborized region within the Pm\u2019s proximal three-fourths, or the C region, for PMS treatment. These findings guide clinicians towards safer, more effective BoNT injections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15100603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T04:52:36Z","timestamp":1696827156000},"page":"603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ideal Injection Points for Botulinum Neurotoxin for Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: A Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3732-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3082-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu-Ho","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8654-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang-Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1677-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Chun","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Cheongju-si 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1139-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e318176b98d","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome: A review","volume":"14","author":"Sanders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574410388311","article-title":"Recurrent neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome stressing the importance of pectoralis minor syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vasc. 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