{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T07:29:47Z","timestamp":1784618987211,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/13176-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/13176-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/08964-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08964-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307184\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307184\/2020-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309207\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309207\/2020-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311434\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311434\/2021-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5809252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5809252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["017\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/13176-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/13176-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/08964-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08964-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307184\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307184\/2020-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309207\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309207\/2020-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311434\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311434\/2021-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5809252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5809252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["017\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u1f79gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["2020\/13176-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/13176-3"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["2022\/08964-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08964-8"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["307184\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307184\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["309207\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309207\/2020-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["311434\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311434\/2021-5"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["5809252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5809252"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["017\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/22"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["2020\/13176-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/13176-3"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["2022\/08964-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08964-8"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["307184\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307184\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["309207\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309207\/2020-7"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["311434\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311434\/2021-5"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["5809252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5809252"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["017\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/22"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/13176-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/13176-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/08964-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08964-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307184\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307184\/2020-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309207\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309207\/2020-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311434\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311434\/2021-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5809252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5809252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["017\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["2020\/13176-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/13176-3"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["2022\/08964-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08964-8"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["307184\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307184\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["309207\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309207\/2020-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["311434\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311434\/2021-5"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["5809252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5809252"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["017\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/22"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.01070\/2023-13"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebite envenomation (SBE)-induced immunity refers to individuals who have been previously bitten by a snake and developed a protective immune response against subsequent envenomations. The notion stems from observations of individuals, including in the indigenous population, who present only mild signs and symptoms after surviving multiple SBEs. Indeed, these observations have engendered scientific interest and prompted inquiries into the potential development of a protective immunity from exposure to snake toxins. This review explores the evidence of a protective immune response developing following SBE. Studies suggest that natural exposure to snake toxins can trigger protection from the severity of SBEs, mediated by specific antibodies. However, the evaluation of the immune memory response in SBE patients remains challenging. Further research is needed to elucidate the immune response dynamics and identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, the estimation of the effect of previous exposures on SBE epidemiology in hyperendemic areas, such as in the indigenous villages of the Amazon region (e.g., the Yanomami population) is a matter of debate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15110638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T07:24:04Z","timestamp":1698823444000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The State-of-the-Art of the Humoral Memory Response to Snakebites: Insights from the Yanomami Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1871-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sewbert Rodrigues","family":"Jati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Education and Sports of Roraima, Boa Vista 69301-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais Andr\u00e9a","family":"dos Anjos Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson Maciel","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Melo-dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2036-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isadora Sousa","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 19040-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela Gobbo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 19040-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altair Seabra","family":"de Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloise T. M.","family":"Filardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Augusto","family":"Cerni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4572-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Aur\u00e9lio","family":"Sartim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduate Studies, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"de Almeida Gon\u00e7alves Sachett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0848-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuelton Marcelo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela Berto","family":"Pucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo 19060-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Acidente Por Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos\u2014Notifica\u00e7\u00f5es Registradas No Sistema de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o de Agravos de Notifica\u00e7\u00e3o\u2014Brasil, Available online: http:\/\/tabnet.datasus.gov.br\/cgi\/tabcgi.exe?sinannet\/cnv\/animaisbr.def."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampaio, V.S., Gomes, A.A., Silva, I.M., Sachett, J., Ferreira, L.C.L., Oliveira, S., Sabid\u00f2, M., Chalkidis, H., Barbosa Guerra, M.G.V., and Salinas, J.L. (2016). Low Health System Performance, Indigenous Status and Antivenom Underdosage Correlate with Spider Envenoming Severity in the Remote Brazilian Amazon. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156386"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1586\/epr.11.61","article-title":"Proteomic Tools against the Neglected Pathology of Snake Bite Envenoming","volume":"8","author":"Calvete","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17063","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.63","article-title":"Snakebite Envenoming","volume":"3","author":"Calvete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31314-X","article-title":"Resolution on Snakebite Envenoming Adopted at the WHA","volume":"391","author":"Burki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra013477","article-title":"Bites of Venomous Snakes","volume":"347","author":"Gold","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-021-2158-x","article-title":"Evolution Bites\u2014Timeworn Inefficacious Snakebite Therapy in the Era of Recombinant Vaccines","volume":"58","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.06.019","article-title":"Research Strategies to Improve Snakebite Treatment: Challenges and Progress","volume":"74","author":"Harrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, R., and Guti\u00e9rrez, J. (2016). Priority Actions and Progress to Substantially and Sustainably Reduce the Mortality, Morbidity and Socioeconomic Burden of Tropical Snakebite. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120351"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.03.004","article-title":"Pros and Cons of Different Therapeutic Antibody Formats for Recombinant Antivenom Development","volume":"146","author":"Laustsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2005.16.292","article-title":"Protective Immunity against \u03b1-Cobratoxin Following a Single Administration of a Genetic Vaccine Encoding a Non-Toxic Cobratoxin Variant","volume":"16","author":"Pergolizzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Wallis, D., and Wallis, J. (2005, January 1). Rattlesnake Vaccine to Prevent Envenomation Toxicity in Dogs. Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ayala, M.S., Arevalo, B., and Vanegas, V. (Design of a Therapeutic Vaccine against Snake Venom Disintegrins, 2015). Design of a Therapeutic Vaccine against Snake Venom Disintegrins."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3109\/15569549809040403","article-title":"The Use of Liposomes as Snake Venom Vehicles. Application in Protective Immunization","volume":"17","author":"Freitas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.171","article-title":"Immunoprotection against Lethal Effects of Crotalus durissus Snake Venom Elicited by Synthetic Epitopes Trapped in Liposomes","volume":"161","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"199","article-title":"Snake Venom Antibodies in Ecuadorian Indians","volume":"84","author":"Theakston","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Albert, B. (1991). URIHI: Terra, Economia e Sa\u00fbde Yanomami, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kopenawa, D. (2015). A Queda do C\u00e9u: Palavras de um Xam\u00e3 Yanomami, Companhia das Letras."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200212","DOI":"10.1590\/interface.200212","article-title":"Experi\u00eancias de M\u00e9dicos Brasileiros Em Seus Primeiros Meses Na Aten\u00e7\u00e3o Prim\u00e1ria \u00e0 Sa\u00fade Na Terra Ind\u00edgena Yanomami","volume":"25","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interface"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristino, J.S., Salazar, G.M., Machado, V.A., Honorato, E., Farias, A.S., Vissoci, J.R.N., Silva Neto, A.V., Lacerda, M., Wen, F.H., and Monteiro, W.M. (2021). A Painful Journey to Antivenom: The Therapeutic Itinerary of Snakebite Patients in the Brazilian Amazon (The QUALISnake Study). PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009245"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, I.S., Ananias, C.B., Medeiros, J.M., Franco, M.V.S., Ferreira, I.G., Cerni, F.A., Sandri, E.A., Monteiro, W.M., and Pucca, M.B. (2022). Medical Management after Lancehead Snakebite in North Amazon: A Case Report of Long-Term Disability. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070494"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"da Cunha, O.R., and Nascimento, F.P. (1993). Do Of\u00eddios da Amaz\u00f4nia: As Cobras da Regi\u00e3o Leste do Par\u00e1, Museu Em\u00edlio Goeldi."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"211","article-title":"As Serpentes Da Regiao Do Baixo Rio Amazonas, Oeste Do Estado Do Par\u00e1, Brasil (Squamata)","volume":"13","author":"Guedes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2994\/SAJH-D-17-00009.1","article-title":"How Much Do We Know about the Diversity of Squamata (Reptilia) in the Most Degraded Region of Amazonia?","volume":"13","author":"Sarmento","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Am. J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prudente, A.L., Ramos, L., Silva, T., Sarmento, J., Dourado, A., Silva, F., Almeida, P., Santos, C., and Sousa, M. (2019). Dataset from the Snakes (Serpentes, Reptiles) Collection of the Museu Paraense Em\u00edlio Goeldi, Par\u00e1, Brazil. Biodivers. Data J., 7.","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.7.e34013"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Fraga, R., Stow, A.J., Magnusson, W.E., and Lima, A.P. (2014). The Costs of Evaluating Species Densities and Composition of Snakes to Assess Development Impacts in Amazonia. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105453"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"78","article-title":"Natural History of Snakes in Forests of the Manaus Region, Central Amazonia, Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Martins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Herpetol. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.18065\/2021v27n3.7","article-title":"Li\u00e7\u00f5es de Um Xam\u00e3 Yanomami Para a Constru\u00e7\u00e3o de Uma Identidade P\u00f3s-Antropoc\u00eantrica","volume":"27","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Abordagem Gest\u00e1ltica Phenomenol. Stud."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.31501\/esf.v0i22.13385","article-title":"A Pot\u00eancia Do Falso: A Cosmogonia Yanomami Na Obra de Claudia Andujar","volume":"16","author":"Hata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Esferas"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Brazil, I.V. (1911). A Defesa Contra o Ofidismo, Pocai & Weiss."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2000000100031","article-title":"do Aspectos epidemiol\u00f3gicos dos acidentes of\u00eddicos ocorridos no Estado de Roraima, Brasil, entre 1992 e 1998","volume":"16","author":"Nascimento","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Cunha, L.E.R. (2020). DSEI YANOMAMI e os Acidentes Of\u00eddicos No Norte do Brasil: Do Perfil Epidemiol\u00f3gico \u00e0 Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da Termoestabilidade dos Soros Antiof\u00eddicos como Estrat\u00e9gia de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Doutorado em Medicina Tropical, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"100","article-title":"Epidemiology of Accidents by Snakes in the Yanomami Indigenous Lands, in Roraima","volume":"Volume 28","author":"Jati","year":"2022","journal-title":"VenoRaima Abstract Book"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2023, May 21). FUNAI Povos de Recente Contato, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/funai\/pt-br\/atuacao\/povos-indigenas\/povos-indigenas-isolados-e-de-recente-contato-2\/povos-de-recente-contato-1."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2174\/187152811797200605","article-title":"Immune Response towards Snake Venoms","volume":"10","author":"Leon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661082","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661082","article-title":"Immunological Responses to Envenomation","volume":"12","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H., Pillai, S., Baker, D.L., and Baker, A. (2018). Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Elsevier. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000802","article-title":"The Evolving Roles of Memory Immune Cells in Transplantation","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(88)90249-8","article-title":"Production and Partial Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Bothrops Asper (Terciopelo) Myotoxin","volume":"26","author":"Lomonte","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(87)90078-X","article-title":"Antibody Neutralization of a Myotoxin from the Venom of Bothrops Asper (Terciopelo)","volume":"25","author":"Lomonte","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.05.016","article-title":"Neutralisation of the Pharmacological Activities of Bothrops Alternatus Venom by Anti-PLA2 IgGs","volume":"86","author":"Todaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92502-8","article-title":"Micro-ELISA for Detecting and Assaying Snake Venom and Venom-Antibody","volume":"2","author":"Theakston","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811713","article-title":"Protective Effect of Snake Venom Antibodies in Sera of Previous Snake Bite Victims","volume":"77","author":"Theakston","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-79301996000100003","article-title":"Use of an Elisa assay to evaluate venom, antivenom, igg and igm human antibody levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from patients bitten by Crotalus durissus terrificus in Brazil","volume":"2","author":"Barraviera","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(90)90262-6","article-title":"The Humoral Immune Responses of Patients Bitten by the Snake Bothrops Jararaca (Jararaca)","volume":"28","author":"Domingos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)00172-5","article-title":"Humoral Response Following Russell\u2019s Viper (Daboia russelli siamensis) Bites in Myanmar","volume":"33","author":"Pe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"109","article-title":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay of Venom-Antibodies in Human Victims of Snake Bite","volume":"84","author":"Theakston","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1985.11811923","article-title":"Venom Antibody Levels in a Patient Bitten by a Young Puff Adder (Bitis arietans) during a World Record Attempt","volume":"79","author":"Theakston","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1987.11812123","article-title":"Epidemiological Studies of Snake Bite in French Guiana","volume":"81","author":"Chippaux","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(87)90289-2","article-title":"Development of Specific IgE Antibodies after Repeated Exposure to Snake Venom","volume":"80","author":"Wadee","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(90)90070-N","article-title":"IgG Subclass Distributions of Anti-Horse Serum Antibodies and Natural Venom-Antibodies Produced in Response to Antivenom Injection or Snake Bite in Humans","volume":"28","author":"Ameno","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90325-5","article-title":"Development of Alpha-Neurotoxin Antibodies in Patients Envenomed by the Monocellate Thai Cobra (Naja kaouthia)","volume":"32","author":"Sells","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)00157-4","article-title":"King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) Bites in Myanmar: Venom Antigen Levels and Development of Venom Antibodies","volume":"33","author":"Pe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.12.006","article-title":"Humoral Immune Responses to Venom and Antivenom of Patients Bitten by Bothrops Snakes","volume":"59","author":"Morais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.11.022","article-title":"Predictors of Bothrops jararaca Venom Allergy in Snake Handlers and Snake Venom Handlers","volume":"51","author":"Barbaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0545","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 Triggers Anaphylaxis to Snake Venom by Repeated Skin Sensitization: A Case Report","volume":"31","author":"Swiontek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1887.sp000253","article-title":"Experiments on the Preventive Inoculation of Rattlesnake Venom","volume":"8","author":"Sewall","year":"1887","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"153","article-title":"Effects of the Canine Rattlesnake Vaccine in Moderate to Severe Cases of Canine Crotalid Envenomation","volume":"5","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veter. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2016.10.008","article-title":"Active Immunization of Cattle with a Bothropic Toxoid Does Not Abrogate Envenomation by Bothrops asper. Venom, but Increases the Likelihood of Survival","volume":"46","author":"Herrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(96)00014-4","article-title":"Protection against \u03b1-Bungarotoxin Poisoning by Immunization with Synthetic Toxin Peptides","volume":"33","author":"Dolimbek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.176","article-title":"Engineered Antigen Containing Epitopes from Loxosceles spp. Spider Toxins Induces a Monoclonal Antibody (Lox-mAb3) against Astacin-like Metalloproteases","volume":"162","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerni, F., Oliveira, I., Cordeiro, F., Bordon, K., Ferreira, I., Monteiro, W., Arantes, E., Cunha, T., and Pucca, M. (2023). The Nociceptive Response Induced by Different Classes of Tityus serrulatus Neurotoxins: The Important Role of Ts5 in Venom-Induced Nociception. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011057"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1955.4.1135","article-title":"Complete and Spontaneous Recovery from the Bite of a Blue Krait Snake (Bungarus caeruleiis)","volume":"4","author":"Haast","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"174","article-title":"Repeated Poisonous Snakebites in the Same Patient: An Unusual Case Report","volume":"17","author":"Watt","year":"1956","journal-title":"North Carol. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-195903000-00001","article-title":"Effects of Repeated Poisonous Snakebites in Man","volume":"237","author":"Parrish","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/2001017b0","article-title":"Active immunization of a human being against cobra (Naja naja) venom","volume":"200","author":"Flowers","year":"1963","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090070075034","article-title":"Cobra Bite Following Immunization against Cobra Venom","volume":"193","author":"Canan","year":"1965","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1959). Repeated Poisonous Snakebites in Man. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health, 49, 946.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.49.7.946"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"197","article-title":"Studies on the Improvement of Treatment of Habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) Bites. 8. A Field Trial of Prophylactic Inoculation of the Habu Venom Toxoid","volume":"39","author":"Sawai","year":"1969","journal-title":"Jap. J. Expo Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa005","article-title":"Snakebite Envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon: A Cost-of-Illness Study","volume":"114","author":"Peixoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, N.I. (2012). Consequences of Neglect: Analysis of the Sub-Saharan African Snake Antivenom Market and the Global Context. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001670"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib, A.G., Lamorde, M., Dalhat, M.M., Habib, Z.G., and Kuznik, A. (2015). Cost-Effectiveness of Antivenoms for Snakebite Envenoming in Nigeria. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003381"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.02.020","article-title":"Global Proteomic and Functional Analysis of Crotalus durissus collilineatus Individual Venom Variation and Its Impact on Envenoming","volume":"191","author":"Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pucca, M.B., Knudsen, C., Oliveira, I.S., Rimbault, C., Cerni, F.A., Wen, F.H., Sachett, J., Sartim, M.A., Laustsen, A.H., and Monteiro, W.M. (2020). Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110668"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/15\/11\/638\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:15:32Z","timestamp":1760130932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/15\/11\/638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins15110638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins15110638","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}}}