{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:24:09Z","timestamp":1777778649252,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ian Potter Foundation"},{"name":"Australian Government Training Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cyanobacterial non-protein amino acid (AA) \u03b2-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is considered to be a neurotoxin. BMAA caused histopathological changes in brains and spinal cords of primates consistent with some of those seen in early motor neuron disease; however, supplementation with L-serine protected against some of those changes. We examined the impact of BMAA on AA concentrations in human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Cells were treated with 1000 \u00b5M BMAA and intracellular free AA concentrations in treated and control cells were compared at six time-points over a 48 h culture period. BMAA had a profound effect on intracellular AA levels at specific time points but in most cases, AA homeostasis was re-established in the cell. The most heavily impacted amino acid was serine which was depleted in BMAA-treated cells from 9 h onwards. Correction of serine depletion could be a factor in the observation that supplementation with L-serine protects against BMAA toxicity in vitro and in vivo. AAs that could potentially be involved in protection against BMAA-induced oxidation such as histidine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were depleted in cells at later time points.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15110647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T10:19:27Z","timestamp":1699525167000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of the Toxic Non-Protein Amino Acid \u03b2-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) on Intracellular Amino Acid Levels in Neuroblastoma Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jake P.","family":"Violi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5941-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sercan","family":"Pravadali-Cekic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connor R.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3627-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.08.010","article-title":"Sporadic and hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)","volume":"1852","author":"Siddique","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. 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