{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T21:39:24Z","timestamp":1785533964157,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Brazil","award":["437089\/2018-5-LDS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["437089\/2018-5-LDS"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Brazil","award":["2018\/15446-8-LAO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/15446-8-LAO"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Brazil","award":["2019\/14647-2-BCM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/14647-2-BCM"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP) Brazil","award":["437089\/2018-5-LDS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["437089\/2018-5-LDS"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP) Brazil","award":["2018\/15446-8-LAO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/15446-8-LAO"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP) Brazil","award":["2019\/14647-2-BCM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/14647-2-BCM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebite envenoming is one of the most significantly neglected tropical diseases in the world. The lack of diagnosis\/prognosis methods for snakebite is one of our motivations to develop innovative technological solutions for Brazilian health. The objective of this work was to evaluate the protein and metallic ion composition of Crotalus durissus terrificus, Bothrops jararaca, B. alternatus, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, B. pauloensis, and Lachesis muta muta snake venoms. Brazilian snake venoms were subjected to the shotgun proteomic approach using mass spectrometry, and metal ion analysis was performed by atomic spectrometry. Shotgun proteomics has shown three abundant toxin classes (PLA2, serine proteases, and metalloproteinases) in all snake venoms, and metallic ions analysis has evidenced that the Cu2+ ion is present exclusively in the L. m. muta venom; Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions have shown a statistical difference between the species of Bothrops and Crotalus genus, whereas the Zn2+ ion presented a statistical difference among all species studied in this work. In addition, Mg2+ ions have shown 42 times more in the C. d. terrificus venom when compared to the average concentration in the other genera. Though metal ions are a minor fraction of snake venoms, several venom toxins depend on them. We believe that these non-protein fractions are capable of assisting in the development of unprecedented diagnostic devices for Brazilian snakebites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15110648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1699843607000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Preliminary Insights of Brazilian Snake Venom Metalloproteomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5447-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Cavecci-Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Triad for Life Ltda, Prospecta\u2013Botucatu Technological Incubator, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Monique","family":"Luciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Studies of Venoms and Animals Venomous (CEVAP), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18619-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tauane","family":"Vaccas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laudic\u00e9ia Alves","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloisa Fornaro","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Research and Development (Medical Biotechnology), Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Cesar","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Cavalcante Souza","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Curtolo","family":"de Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Studies of Venoms and Animals Venomous (CEVAP), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18619-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilka","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4179-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"de Magalh\u00e3es Padilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5832-1825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucilene Delazari dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Research and Development (Medical Biotechnology), Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17079","article-title":"Snakebite envenoming","volume":"14","author":"Calvete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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