{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:00:34Z","timestamp":1791576034714,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":406,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-FG02-01ER15161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FG02-01ER15161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM139768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM139768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["DE-FG02-01ER15161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FG02-01ER15161"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P20GM139768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM139768"]}]},{"name":"Ar-kansas Integrative Metabolic Research Center at the University of Arkansas","award":["DE-FG02-01ER15161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FG02-01ER15161"]}]},{"name":"Ar-kansas Integrative Metabolic Research Center at the University of Arkansas","award":["P20GM139768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM139768"]}]},{"name":"University of Arkansas Honors College","award":["DE-FG02-01ER15161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FG02-01ER15161"]}]},{"name":"University of Arkansas Honors College","award":["P20GM139768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM139768"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venom components are invaluable in biomedical research owing to their specificity and potency. Many of these components exist in two genera of rattlesnakes, Crotalus and Sistrurus, with high toxicity and proteolytic activity variation. This review focuses on venom components within rattlesnakes, and offers a comparison and itemized list of factors dictating venom composition, as well as presenting their known characteristics, activities, and significant applications in biosciences. There are 64 families and subfamilies of proteins present in Crotalus and Sistrurus venom. Snake venom serine proteases (SVSP), snake venom metalloproteases (SVMP), and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are the standard components in Crotalus and Sistrurus venom. Through this review, we highlight gaps in the knowledge of rattlesnake venom; there needs to be more information on the venom composition of three Crotalus species and one Sistrurus subspecies. We discuss the activity and importance of both major and minor components in biomedical research and drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T06:03:11Z","timestamp":1702965791000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Review of Rattlesnake Venoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3521-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuc","family":"Phan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5700-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anant","family":"Deshwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9877-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler Anthony","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Slikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2323-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elodie","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thallapuranam Krishnaswamy Suresh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-003-2461-2","article-title":"Molecular evolution and phylogeny of elapid snake venom three-finger toxins","volume":"57","author":"Fry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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