{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:54:23Z","timestamp":1792454063213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEC-2016\/23\/D\/NZ9\/01404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-2016\/23\/D\/NZ9\/01404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to genotypic and phenotypic analyses of the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and raw milk cheeses. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including the classical enterotoxins (sea-see), non-classical enterotoxins (seg-seu), exfoliative toxins (eta-etd) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst-1) were investigated. Isolates positive for classical enterotoxin genes were then tested by SET-RPLA methods for toxin expression. Out of 75 Staphylococcus spp. (19 Staphylococcus aureus and 56 CoNS) isolates from raw milk (49\/65.3%) and raw milk cheese samples (26\/34.7%), the presence of enterotoxin genes was confirmed in 73 (97.3%) of them. Only one isolate from cheese sample (1.3%) was able to produce enterotoxin (SED). The presence of up to eight different genes encoding enterotoxins was determined simultaneously in the staphylococcal genome. The most common toxin gene combination was sek, eta present in fourteen isolates (18.7%). The tst-1 gene was present in each of the analyzed isolates from cheese samples (26\/34.7%). Non-classical enterotoxins were much more frequently identified in the genome of staphylococcal isolates than classical SEs. The current research also showed that genes tagged in S. aureus were also identified in CoNS, and the total number of different genes detected in CoNS was seven times higher than in S. aureus. The obtained results indicate that, in many cases, the presence of a gene in Staphylococcus spp. is not synonymous with the ability of enterotoxins production. The differences in the number of isolates with genes encoding SEs and enterotoxin production may be mainly due to the limit of detection of the toxin production method used. This indicates the need to use high specificity and sensitivity methods for detecting enterotoxin in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16010017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T09:35:21Z","timestamp":1703756121000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Identification of the Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus spp. from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7002-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Wi\u015bniewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszy\u0144ski 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6855-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Gajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszy\u0144ski 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zadernowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszy\u0144ski 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9695-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioleta","family":"Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszy\u0144ski 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, July 12). 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