{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:10:19Z","timestamp":1791486619329,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior Brasil (CAPES)"},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento\u2014Brasil (CNPq)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a DON and Clostridium perfringens (CP) challenge on the intestinal morphology, morphometry, oxidative stress, and immune response of broilers. Additionally, we evaluated the potential of a Lactobacillus spp. mixture as an approach to mitigate the damage induced by the challenge. One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 252) were divided into seven treatment groups: Control, DON, CP, CP + DON, VL (DON + CP + viable Lactobacillus spp. mixture), HIL (DON + CP + heat-inactivated Lactobacillus spp. mixture), and LCS (DON + CP + Lactobacillus spp. mixture culture supernatant). Macroscopic evaluation of the intestines revealed that the CP + DON group exhibited the highest lesion score, while the VL and HIL groups showed the lowest scores. Microscopically, all Lactobacillus spp. treatments mitigated the morphological changes induced by the challenge. DON increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the jejunum, and CP increased ROS levels in the jejunum and ileum. Notably, the Lactobacillus spp. treatments did not improve the antioxidant defense against CP-induced oxidative stress. In summary, a Lactobacillus spp. mixture, whether used as a probiotic, paraprobiotic, or postbiotic, exerted a partially protective effect in mitigating most of the intestinal damage induced by DON and CP challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T07:25:07Z","timestamp":1705303507000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Modulation of Broiler Intestinal Changes Induced by Clostridium perfringens and Deoxynivalenol through Probiotic, Paraprobiotic, and Postbiotic Supplementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9909-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marielen","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology (LAP), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Angelita Sampaio","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00edsa Fabiana","family":"Menck-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Justino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0544-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Micotti","family":"da Gl\u00f3ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-508X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Danilo","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Rodrigues","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2756-9283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldiceu A.","family":"Verri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Van Immerseel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro","family":"Bracarense","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology (LAP), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00091","article-title":"Factors Affecting Intestinal Health in Poultry","volume":"87","author":"Yegani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. 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