{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:11:21Z","timestamp":1791288681251,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since its regulatory approval over a half-century ago, botulinum toxin has evolved from one of the most potent neurotoxins known to becoming routinely adopted in clinical practice. Botulinum toxin, a highly potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, can cause botulism illness, characterized by widespread muscle weakness due to inhibition of acetylcholine transmission at neuromuscular junctions. The observation of botulinum toxin\u2019s anticholinergic properties led to the investigation of its potential benefits for conditions with an underlying etiology of cholinergic transmission, including autonomic nervous system dysfunction. These conditions range from disorders of the integument to gastrointestinal and urinary systems. Several formulations of botulinum toxin have been developed and tested over time, significantly increasing the availability of this treatment for appropriate clinical use. Despite the accelerated and expanded use of botulinum toxin, there lacks an updated comprehensive review on its therapeutic use, particularly to treat autonomic dysfunction. This narrative review provides an overview of the effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of autonomic dysfunction and summarizes the different formulations and dosages most widely studied, while highlighting reported outcomes and the occurrence of any adverse events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16020096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T06:19:59Z","timestamp":1707718799000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["From Toxin to Treatment: A Narrative Review on the Use of Botulinum Toxin for Autonomic Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8876-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Rempel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raza N.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2G9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Shackleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2G9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2G9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Sachdeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2G9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0022-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei V.","family":"Krassioukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2G9, Canada"},{"name":"GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2G9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2013.09.009","article-title":"Aesthetic Uses of the Botulinum Toxin","volume":"32","author":"Dorizas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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