{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:12:24Z","timestamp":1792793544248,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation (RSF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-14-00316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-14-00316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are a large family of snake toxins manifesting diverse biological effects, which are not always related to phospholipolytic activity. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) are extracellular proteins with a molecular mass of 13\u201314 kDa. They are present in venoms in the form of monomers, dimers, and larger oligomers. The cardiovascular system is one of the multiple svPLA2 targets in prey organisms. The results obtained previously on the cardiovascular effects of monomeric svPLA2s were inconsistent, while the data on the dimeric svPLA2 crotoxin from the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus showed that it significantly reduced the contractile force of guinea pig hearts. Here, we studied the effects of the heterodimeric svPLA2 HDP-1 from the viper Vipera nikolskii on papillary muscle (PM) contractility and the tension of the aortic rings (ARs). HDP-1 is structurally different from crotoxin, and over a wide range of concentrations, it produced a long-term, stable, positive inotropic effect in PMs, which did not turn into contractures at the concentrations studied. This also distinguishes HDP-1 from the monomeric svPLA2s, which at high concentrations inhibited cardiac function. HDP-1, when acting on ARs preconstricted with 10 \u03bcM phenylephrine, induced a vasorelaxant effect, similar to some other svPLA2s. These are the first indications of the cardiac and vascular effects of true vipers\u2019 heterodimeric svPLA2s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16020100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of the Heterodimeric Neurotoxic Phospholipase A2 from the Venom of Vipera nikolskii on the Contractility of Rat Papillary Muscles and Thoracic Aortas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3761-1174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Averin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center \u201cPushchino Scientific Center of Biological Research\u201d, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladislav","family":"Starkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin\u2013Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7980-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Tsetlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin\u2013Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4609-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Utkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin\u2013Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03420-0","article-title":"A current perspective on snake venom composition and constituent protein families","volume":"97","author":"Tasoulis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. 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