{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:22:45Z","timestamp":1792110165227,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merz Asia Pacific Pte., Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The formation of neutralizing antibodies is a growing concern in the use of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT\/A) as it may result in secondary treatment failure. Differences in the immunogenicity of BoNT\/A formulations have been attributed to the presence of pharmacologically unnecessary bacterial components. Reportedly, the rate of antibody-mediated secondary non-response is lowest in complexing protein-free (CF) IncobotulinumtoxinA (INCO). Here, the published data and literature on the composition and properties of the three commercially available CF-BoNT\/A formulations, namely, INCO, Coretox\u00ae (CORE), and DaxibotulinumtoxinA (DAXI), are reviewed to elucidate the implications for their potential immunogenicity. While all three BoNT\/A formulations are free of complexing proteins and contain the core BoNT\/A molecule as the active pharmaceutical ingredient, they differ in their production protocols and excipients, which may affect their immunogenicity. INCO contains only two immunologically inconspicuous excipients, namely, human serum albumin and sucrose, and has demonstrated low immunogenicity in daily practice and clinical studies for more than ten years. DAXI contains four excipients, namely, L-histidine, trehalosedihydrate, polysorbate 20, and the highly charged RTP004 peptide, of which the latter two may increase the immunogenicity of BoNT\/A by introducing neo-epitopes. In early clinical studies with DAXI, antibodies against BoNT\/A and RTP004 were found at low frequencies; however, the follow-up period was critically short, with a maximum of three injections. CORE contains four excipients: L-methionine, sucrose, NaCl, and polysorbate 20. Presently, no data are available on the immunogenicity of CORE in human beings. It remains to be seen whether all three CF BoNT\/A formulations demonstrate the same low immunogenicity in patients over a long period of time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16020101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Complexing Protein-Free Botulinum Neurotoxin A Formulations: Implications of Excipients for Immunogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Michael Uwe","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 31832 Springe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juergen","family":"Frevert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6720-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clifton Ming","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Asia Pacific Pte., Ltd., Singapore 138567, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205251","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2205251","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium botulinum","volume":"14","author":"Rawson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Assembly and function of the botulinum neurotoxin progenitor complex","volume":"364","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. 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