{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:44:41Z","timestamp":1760143481176,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Israel Institute for Biological Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ricin, a highly potent plant-derived toxin, is considered a potential bioterrorism weapon due to its pronounced toxicity, high availability, and ease of preparation. Acute damage following pulmonary ricinosis is characterized by local cytokine storm, massive neutrophil infiltration, and edema formation, resulting in respiratory insufficiency and death. A designated equine polyclonal antibody-based (antitoxin) treatment was developed in our laboratory and proved efficacious in alleviating lung injury and increasing survival rates. Although short-term pathogenesis was thoroughly characterized in antitoxin-treated mice, the long-term damage in surviving mice was never determined. In this study, long-term consequences of ricin intoxication were evaluated 30 days post-exposure in mice that survived antitoxin treatment. Significant pulmonary sequelae were demonstrated in surviving antitoxin-treated mice, as reflected by prominent histopathological changes, moderate fibrosis, increased lung hyperpermeability, and decreased lung compliance. The presented data highlight, for the first time to our knowledge, the possibility of long-term damage development in mice that survived lethal-dose pulmonary exposure to ricin due to antitoxin treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16020103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Term Pulmonary Damage in Surviving Antitoxin-Treated Mice following a Lethal Ricin Intoxication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yoav","family":"Gal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2543-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Sapoznikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shlomi","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Shoseyov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem P.O. Box 12000, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Aftalion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hila","family":"Gutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yentl","family":"Evgy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rellie","family":"Gez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reinat","family":"Nevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel 234, Rehovot P.O. Box 26, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reut","family":"Falach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00158-1","article-title":"Ricin","volume":"39","author":"Olsnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200206000-00005","article-title":"Microbiological, Biological, and Chemical Weapons of Warfare and Terrorism","volume":"323","author":"Greenfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. 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