{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T21:29:11Z","timestamp":1793741351887,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic migraine is a disease with a high burden on patients from both a working and quality of life point of view. The pathophysiology of this subtype of migraine is due to several factors, such as medication overuse. Nevertheless, the detrimental recurring of headache attacks with central and peripheral sensitization plays a central role and explains some additional symptoms complained about by these patients even in the interictal phase. OnabotulinumtoxinA is a therapy indicated for chronic migraine since it has proven to reduce peripheral sensitization, showing even efficacy on central symptoms. The aim of this narrative review is to present the current evidence regarding the effect of OnabotulinumtoxinA on sensitization and interictal symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16050203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T05:28:06Z","timestamp":1713850086000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Beyond Pain: The Effects of OnabotulinumtoxinA Therapy on Sensitization and Interictal Symptoms in Chronic Migraine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3627-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Alonge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Brighina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Maccora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, ARNAS Civico di Cristina and Benfratelli Hospitals, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pilati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology and Stroke Unit, P.O. \u201cS. Antonio Abate\u201d, 91016 Erice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Di Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology and Stroke Unit, P.O. \u201cS. Antonio Abate\u201d, 91016 Erice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Ventimiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Cutr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Camarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Torrente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12946","article-title":"Persistent and Repetitive Visual Disturbances in Migraine: A Review","volume":"57","author":"Schankin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01486-w","article-title":"Preventive treatment can reverse cognitive impairment in chronic migraine","volume":"23","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02801-w","article-title":"High efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment in patients with comorbid migraine and depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Affatato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744806918767697","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918767697","article-title":"Chronic migraine: A process of dysmodulation and sensitization","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-023-00459-2","article-title":"Economic burden of chronic migraine in OECD countries: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Eltrafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420944842","article-title":"The socioeconomic burden of migraine: An evaluation of productivity losses due to migraine headaches based on a population study in Germany","volume":"40","author":"Seddik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03185.x","article-title":"Factors associated with migraine-related quality of life and disability in adolescents: A preliminary investigation","volume":"43","author":"Tkachuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar-Martinez, M.D., and Goadsby, P.J. (2022). Pathophysiology and Therapy of Associated Features of Migraine. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172767"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00810.x","article-title":"Painful stimulation of the temple induces nausea, headache and extracranial vasodilation in migraine sufferers","volume":"25","author":"Drummond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.01004.x","article-title":"The migraine cycle: Patient burden of migraine during and between migraine attacks","volume":"48","author":"Brandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.4501003.x","article-title":"Migraine Pathophysiology","volume":"45","author":"Goadsby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01451-7","article-title":"Interictal osmophobia is associated with longer migraine disease duration","volume":"23","author":"Gossrau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-007-0781-5","article-title":"Allodynia in different forms of migraine","volume":"28","author":"Lovati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419898868","article-title":"Redefining migraine phases\u2014A suggestion based on clinical, physiological, and functional imaging evidence","volume":"40","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14281","article-title":"Postural control impairment in patients with headaches\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Carvalho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.10.023","article-title":"Structural alterations of the brainstem in migraine","volume":"13","author":"Chong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01328-1","article-title":"Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in chronic migraine with medication overuse: Real-life effectiveness and predictors of response at 6 months","volume":"22","author":"Caronna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01556-7","article-title":"Predicting response to CGRP-monoclonal antibodies in patients with migraine in Japan: A single-centre retrospective observational study","volume":"24","author":"Ihara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000119","article-title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA decreases interictal CGRP plasma levels in patients with chronic migraine","volume":"156","author":"Larrosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01208-0","article-title":"Migraine remains second among the world\u2019s causes of disability, and first among young women: Findings from GBD2019","volume":"21","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8434-y","article-title":"An update on migraine: Current understanding and future directions","volume":"264","author":"Puledda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Benzon, H., Rathmell, J.P., Wu, C.L., Turk, D., Argoff, C.E., and Hurley, R.W. (2022). Elsevier Health Sciences, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705276","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2021.705276","article-title":"Chronic Migraine Pathophysiology and Treatment: A Review of Current Perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Mungoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"831035","article-title":"Cutaneous Allodynia in Migraine: A Narrative Review","volume":"12","author":"Quintas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S103238","article-title":"A touchy subject: An assessment of cutaneous allodynia in a chronic migraine population","volume":"9","author":"Mathew","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing","volume":"97","author":"Goadsby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00602.x","article-title":"Central sensitization theory of migraine: Clinical implications","volume":"46","author":"Dodick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01382-9","article-title":"Temporal characteristics of astrocytic activation in the TNC in a mice model of pain induced by recurrent dural infusion of inflammatory soup","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1382-0","article-title":"Sensitization and pain","volume":"34","author":"Aguggia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10883-9","article-title":"Interictal plasma glutamate levels are elevated in individuals with episodic and chronic migraine","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308813","article-title":"TRPV1, CGRP and SP in scalp arteries of patients suffering from chronic migraine","volume":"86","author":"Quartu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.07.010","article-title":"Reduction of TRPV1 expression in the trigeminal system by botulinum neurotoxin type-A","volume":"48","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12424","article-title":"Functional polymorphisms in COMT and SLC6A4 genes influence the prognosis of patients with medication overuse headache after withdrawal therapy","volume":"21","author":"Cargnin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-009-0136-0","article-title":"Drug consumption in medication overuse headache is influenced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism","volume":"10","author":"Sances","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412461890","article-title":"Cortical response to somatosensory stimulation in medication overuse headache patients is influenced by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I\/D genetic polymorphism","volume":"32","author":"Coppola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashina, M., and Geppetti, P. (2015). Pathophysiology of Headaches: From Molecule to Man, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15621-7"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416648655","article-title":"Activation of dura-sensitive trigeminal neurons and increased c-Fos protein induced by morphine withdrawal in the rostral ventromedial medulla","volume":"37","author":"Hitomi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq159","article-title":"Triptan-induced enhancement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in trigeminal ganglion dural afferents underlies increased responsiveness to potential migraine triggers","volume":"133","author":"Ossipov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413515344","article-title":"Increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression in an animal model of medication-overuse headache","volume":"34","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2006.01183.x","article-title":"Central sensitization of the trigeminal and somatic nociceptive systems in medication overuse headache mainly involves cerebral supraspinal structures","volume":"26","author":"Ayzenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, G., Curr\u00e0, A., Di Lorenzo, C., Parisi, V., Gorini, M., Sava, S.L., Schoenen, J., and Pierelli, F. (2010). Abnormal cortical responses to somatosensory stimulation in medication-overuse headache. BMC Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-126"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2009.01914.x","article-title":"Sensitisation of spinal cord pain processing in medication overuse headache involves supraspinal pain control","volume":"30","author":"Perrotta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02151.x","article-title":"Habituation to pain in \u201cmedication overuse headache\u201d: A CO2 laser-evoked potential study","volume":"52","author":"Ferraro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-008-0019-9","article-title":"Increased activity of serotonin uptake in platelets in medication overuse headache following regular intake of analgesics and triptans","volume":"9","author":"Ayzenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1993.1306410.x","article-title":"5HT in migraine patients with medication-induced headache","volume":"13","author":"Hering","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, M.W., Cowan, R., and Freitag, F.G. (2018). Chronic Headache: A Comprehensive Guide to Evaluation and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91491-6"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1998.3807534.x","article-title":"Plasticity of 5-HT serotonin receptor in patients with analgesic-induced transformed migraine","volume":"38","author":"Srikiatkhachorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0661-0","article-title":"Neuroimaging Findings in Patients with Medication Overuse Headache","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416630593","article-title":"Gray matter changes related to medication overuse in patients with chronic migraine","volume":"36","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00632.2015","article-title":"Triptans disrupt brain networks and promote stress-induced CSD-like responses in cortical and subcortical areas","volume":"115","author":"Becerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416650702","article-title":"Prevention of stress- or nitric oxide donor-induced medication overuse headache by a calcitonin gene-related peptide antibody in rodents","volume":"37","author":"Kopruszinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417702120","article-title":"Kappa opioid receptor antagonists: A possible new class of therapeutics for migraine prevention","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001167","article-title":"Lateralized kappa opioid receptor signaling from the amygdala central nucleus promotes stress-induced functional pain","volume":"159","author":"Nation","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"973","article-title":"Preventive Migraine Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Silberstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14153","article-title":"The American Headache Society Consensus Statement: Update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice","volume":"61","author":"Ailani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13849","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of OnabotulinumtoxinA in Chronic Migraine: A Narrative Review","volume":"60","author":"Burstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410364676","article-title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 1 trial","volume":"30","author":"Aurora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3295","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins: Genetic, structural and mechanistic insights","volume":"12","author":"Rossetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416636843","article-title":"Extracranial injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A inhibit intracranial meningeal nociceptors\u2019 responses to stimulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels: Are we getting closer to solving this puzzle?","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331024221141683","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221141683","article-title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA effects on trigeminal nociceptors","volume":"43","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.04.026","article-title":"Behavioral and immunohistochemical evidence for central antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin A","volume":"186","author":"Matak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.02.011","article-title":"Involvement of \u03bc-opioid receptors in antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A","volume":"70","author":"Drinovac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000499764","article-title":"Effects of Botulinum Toxin A on Allodynia in Chronic Migraine: An Observational Open-Label Two-Year Study","volume":"81","author":"Brighina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107357","article-title":"Cutaneous allodynia and thermal thresholds in chronic migraine: The effect of onabotulinumtoxinA","volume":"220","author":"Ozarslan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319290","article-title":"Effects of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment for chronic migraine on common comorbidities including depression and anxiety","volume":"90","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrente, A., Alonge, P., Pilati, L., Gagliardo, A., Vassallo, L., Di Stefano, V., Lupica, A., Quartana, I., Viticchi, G., and Silvestrini, M. (2023). Effects of a Single Session of OnabotulinumtoxinA Therapy on Sleep Quality and Psychological Measures: Preliminary Findings in a Population of Chronic Migraineurs. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15090527"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00929.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A (Botox) for treatment of proximal myofascial pain in complex regional pain syndrome: Two cases","volume":"11","author":"Safarpour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.10.1290","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A and chronic low back pain: A randomized, double-blind study","volume":"56","author":"Foster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, P.F., Chiu, H.C., Chen, K.C., Chang, C.H., and Chou, E.C.L. (2016). Botulinum toxin A for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030059"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0723-4","article-title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA effectiveness on chronic migraine, negative emotional states and sleep quality: A single-center prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Aydinlar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong JBin Lange, K.S., Overeem, L.H., Triller, P., Raffaelli, B., and Reuter, U. (2023). A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis of Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies: Predicting Response. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16070934"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.3023","article-title":"Botulinum Toxin for Treating Temporomandibular Disorders: What is the Evidence?","volume":"36","author":"Delcanho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1096","article-title":"Treatment of comorbid migraine and temporomandibular disorders: A factorial, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Goncalves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"330","article-title":"Evaluation of OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment in Patients with Concomitant Chronic Migraine and Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"55","author":"Kocaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr. Ars."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13366","article-title":"Activity of botulinum toxin type A in cranial dura: Implications for treatment of migraine and other headaches","volume":"173","author":"Matak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argyriou, A.A., Dermitzakis, E.V., Rikos, D., Xiromerisiou, G., Soldatos, P., Litsardopoulos, P., and Vikelis, M. (2024). Effects of OnabotulinumtoxinA on Allodynia and Interictal Burden of Patients with Chronic Migraine. Toxins, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16020106"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/16\/5\/203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:32:27Z","timestamp":1760106747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/16\/5\/203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins16050203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins16050203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]}}}