{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:08:19Z","timestamp":1783462099393,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Education and Science","award":["SKN\/SP\/570184\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKN\/SP\/570184\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Envenomation by marine animals poses a significant health concern globally, affecting both local residents and tourists in coastal regions. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate the existing scientific literature to determine the most effective first-aid treatment for envenomations caused by marine animals, specifically whether hot-water immersion (HWI) or ice-pack treatment (IPT) provides the best immediate care. This comprehensive review covers a wide range of marine envenomations, from jellyfish stings to stingray injuries. While our focus is primarily on the efficacy of HWI and IPT, we also explore the role of cold-water treatment as a result of its relevance and similarity to ice-pack applications. In addition, we examine other treatments mentioned in the literature, such as medications or vinegar, and highlight their findings where applicable. To provide a clear and structured overview, we summarised the articles in separate tables. These tables categorise the type of research conducted, the marine species studied, the region of origin of the marine species, and the key findings of each study. Our analysis of the available evidence indicates a general consensus in the scientific community on the effectiveness of HWI or IPT for envenomation by marine animals. However, when treating those injuries, it is crucial to consider all factors since there is no universally superior treatment due to the diverse nature of marine habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16060273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T06:29:43Z","timestamp":1718605783000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hot-Water Immersion (HWI) or Ice-Pack Treatment (IPT) as First Aid for Human Envenomation by Marine Animals? Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7617-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Ni\u017cnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertise, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, ul. Aleksandrowska 67\/93, 91-205 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Jab\u0142o\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Orczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Orzechowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judyta","family":"Jasi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Smoliniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Hu\u0107ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Kosowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Klocek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"S\u0142oma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Roztoczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Toporowska-Ka\u017amierak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Science Club \u2018Paracelsus\u2019, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Jurowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertise, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, ul. Aleksandrowska 67\/93, 91-205 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyses, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzesz\u00f3w University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.12.004","article-title":"Marine Envenomation","volume":"35","author":"Hornbeak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0241-2022","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0241-2022","article-title":"Lionfish Envenomation on the Brazilian Coast: First Report","volume":"55","author":"Giarrizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. 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