{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:22:18Z","timestamp":1791638538735,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONAHCYT (Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas) of Mexico","award":["303045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303045"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT (Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas) of Mexico","award":["IN200323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN200323"]}]},{"name":"Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico of the National Autonomous University of Mexico","award":["303045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303045"]}]},{"name":"Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico of the National Autonomous University of Mexico","award":["IN200323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN200323"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alternative recombinant sources of antivenoms have been successfully generated. The application of such strategies requires the characterization of the venoms for the development of specific neutralizing molecules against the toxic components. Five toxic peptides to mammals from the Mexican scorpion Centruroides villegasi were isolated by chromatographic procedures by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, followed by ion-exchange columns on carboxy-methyl-cellulose (CMC) resins and finally purified by high-performance chromatography (HPLC) columns. Their primary structures were determined by Edman degradation. They contain 66 amino acids and are maintained well packed by four disulfide bridges, with molecular mass from 7511.3 to 7750.1 Da. They are all relatively toxic and deadly to mice and show high sequence identity with known peptides that are specific modifiers of the gating mechanisms of Na+ ion channels of type beta-toxin (\u03b2-ScTx). They were named Cv1 to Cv5 and used to test their recognition by single-chain variable fragments (scFv) of antibodies, using surface plasmon resonance. Three different scFvs generated in our laboratory (10FG2, HV, LR) were tested for recognizing the various new peptides described here, paving the way for the development of a novel type of scorpion antivenom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16070301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T08:17:29Z","timestamp":1719821849000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Toxic Peptides from the Mexican Scorpion Centruroides villegasi: Chemical Structure and Evaluation of Recognition by Human Single-Chain Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2531-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Ria\u00f1o-Umbarila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Investigadora por M\u00e9xico, CONAHCYT, Mexico City 03940, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timoteo","family":"Olamendi-Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Romero-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7977-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Delgado-Prudencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Z.","family":"Zamudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baltazar","family":"Becerril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourival D.","family":"Possani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S24754","article-title":"Emerging options for the management of scorpion stings","volume":"6","author":"Chippaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Des. 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