{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:20:54Z","timestamp":1777540854563,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["309671\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309671\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["403543\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403543\/2021-5"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["00193-00000724\/2021-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00000724\/2021-30"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["00193-00001265\/2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00001265\/2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["88887.836254\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.836254\/2023-00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\u2014FAPDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309671\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309671\/2023-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\u2014FAPDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["403543\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403543\/2021-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\u2014FAPDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00193-00000724\/2021-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00000724\/2021-30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\u2014FAPDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00193-00001265\/2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00001265\/2021-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\u2014FAPDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.836254\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.836254\/2023-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014CAPES","award":["309671\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309671\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014CAPES","award":["403543\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403543\/2021-5"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014CAPES","award":["00193-00000724\/2021-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00000724\/2021-30"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014CAPES","award":["00193-00001265\/2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00001265\/2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014CAPES","award":["88887.836254\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.836254\/2023-00"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["309671\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309671\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["403543\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403543\/2021-5"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["00193-00000724\/2021-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00000724\/2021-30"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["00193-00001265\/2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00001265\/2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["88887.836254\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.836254\/2023-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by excessive neuronal activity and synchronized electrical discharges, ranks among the most prevalent global neurological conditions. Despite common use, antiepileptic drugs often result in adverse effects and lack effectiveness in controlling seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. Recent research explored the potential of occidentalin-1202, a peptide inspired by Polybia occidentalis venom, in safeguarding Wistar rats from chemically induced seizures. The present study evaluated the new analog from occidentalin-1202 named NOR-1202 using acute and chronic pilocarpine-induced models and an acute kainic acid (KA) male mice model. NOR-1202 was administered through the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.), subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal routes, with stereotaxic procedures for the i.c.v. injection. In the acute pilocarpine-induced model, NOR-1202 (i.c.v.) protected against generalized seizures and mortality but lacked systemic antiepileptic activity. In the KA model, it did not prevent generalized seizures but improved survival. In the chronic TLE model, NOR-1202\u2032s ED50 did not differ significantly from the epileptic or healthy groups regarding time spent in spontaneous recurrent seizures during the five-day treatment. However, the NOR-1202 group exhibited more seizures than the healthy group on the second day of treatment. In summary, NOR-1202 exhibits antiepileptic effects against chemoconvulsant-induced seizures, but no effect was observed when administered systemically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16080342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T11:28:54Z","timestamp":1722857334000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating a Venom-Bioinspired Peptide, NOR-1202, as an Antiepileptic Treatment in Male Mice Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maria Varela Torres","family":"Quintanilha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna de Azevedo Mello","family":"Gobbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Beserra","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolfo Carlos Barros de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana Cristina","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia Renata","family":"Mortari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000503831","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Beghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.01.008","article-title":"Psychiatric Comorbidity in Epilepsy: A Study Comparing Patients with Mesial Temporal Sclerosis and Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy","volume":"13","author":"Rosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12499","article-title":"Exploring Psychiatric Comorbidities and Their Effects on Quality of Life in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy","volume":"71","author":"Ertem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, G., Chen, Z., Zheng, H., Zhang, Y., Xu, H., Bu, G., Zheng, H., and Li, Y. (2018). Compensatory Mechanisms Modulate the Neuronal Excitability in a Kainic Acid-Induced Epilepsy Mouse Model. Front. Neural Circuits, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00048"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3651","article-title":"Abnormal Neuronal Damage and Inflammation in the Hippocampus of Kainic Acid-induced Epilepsy Mice","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.020","article-title":"The Pilocarpine Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Over One Decade Later, with More Rodent Species and New Investigative Approaches","volume":"130","author":"Biagini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12196","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs","volume":"41","author":"Hakami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494-021-00055-z","article-title":"The Pharmacological Treatment of Epilepsy: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Perucca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Epileptol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1197","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Venom Peptides","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcad016","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad016","article-title":"A New Class of Peptides from Wasp Venom: A Pathway to Antiepileptic\/Neuroprotective Drugs","volume":"5","author":"Mortari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2005.11.005","article-title":"Glutamate-and GABA-Based CNS Therapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Foster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00403.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Diazepam, Carbamazepine, Phenytoin and Ketamine after Pilocarpine-induced Status Epilepticus","volume":"104","author":"Cunha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.01.024","article-title":"Diazepam Neuroprotection in Excitotoxic and Oxidative Stress Involves a Mitochondrial Mechanism Additional to the GABAAR and Hypothermic Effects","volume":"55","author":"Sarnowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.11.003","article-title":"Neuroprotective Action of Diazepam at Very Low and Moderate Doses in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Model Rats","volume":"144","author":"Pilipenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197512000-00004","article-title":"A Review of the Effects of Diazepam on Cognitive and Psychomotor Performance","volume":"161","author":"Donaldson","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boddu, S.H.S., and Kumari, S. (2020). A Short Review on the Intranasal Delivery of Diazepam for Treating Acute Repetitive Seizures. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121167"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6scher, W., and White, H.S. (2023). Animal Models of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy as Tools for Deciphering the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacoresistance and Discovering More Effective Treatments. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12091233"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2222-z","article-title":"Animal Models of Seizures and Epilepsy: Past, Present, and Future Role for the Discovery of Antiseizure Drugs","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2012.05.024","article-title":"The Effect of Methionine to Cysteine Substitution on the Stability of Formate Dehydrogenase from Candida Methylica","volume":"82","author":"Ordu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/15.8.689","article-title":"Improvement of Oxidative and Thermostability of N-Carbamyl-D-Amino Acid Amidohydrolase by Directed Evolution","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Protein Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"215","article-title":"Substitution of the Critical Methionine Residues in Trigonopsis Variabilis D-Amino Acid Oxidase with Leucine Enhances Its Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"186","author":"Ju","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2016.06.002","article-title":"Does a Methionine-to-Norleucine Substitution in PGLa Influence Peptide-Membrane Interactions?","volume":"1858","author":"Radchenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0131","article-title":"The Use of T-Butyl Hydroperoxide as a Probe for Methionine Oxidation in Proteins","volume":"236","author":"Keck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1355616","article-title":"Protein Oxidation and Aging","volume":"257","author":"Stadtman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.5.8156912","article-title":"Stearyl-Norleucine-Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP): A Novel VIP Analog for Noninvasive Impotence Treatment","volume":"134","author":"Gozes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022494907001","article-title":"Protection against Developmental Deficiencies by a Lipophilic VIP Analogue","volume":"23","author":"Gozes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.09.022","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Peptide Stearyl-Norleucine-VIP Delays Disease Onset and Extends Survival in a Rat Model of Inherited Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"263","author":"Goursaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eger, M., Liron, T., Hiram-Bab, S., Awida, Z., Giladi, E., Dangoor, D., Fridkin, M., Kohavi, D., Gozes, I., and Gabet, Y. (2021). Therapeutic Potential of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Its Derivative Stearyl-Norleucine-Vip in Inflammation-Induced Osteolysis. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.638128"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2021.02.009","article-title":"Antiseizure Potential of Peptides from the Venom of Social Wasp Chartergellus Communis against Chemically-Induced Seizures","volume":"194","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, Y.-J., Shin, H.-J., Jeong, E.-A., An, H.-S., Lee, J.-Y., Jang, H.-M., Kim, K.-E., Lee, J., Shin, M.-C., and Roh, G.-S. (2021). Exendin-4 Pretreatment Attenuates Kainic Acid-Induced Hippocampal Neuronal Death. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102527"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Franklin, K.B.J. (2001). The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90171-0","article-title":"The Functional Anatomy and Pathology of Lithium-Pilocarpine and High-Dose Pilocarpine Seizures","volume":"23","author":"Clifford","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90177-0","article-title":"Modification of Seizure Activity by Electrical Stimulation: II. Motor Seizure","volume":"32","author":"Racine","year":"1972","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(02)00012-8","article-title":"Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Results in Mossy Fiber Sprouting and Spontaneous Seizures in C57BL\/6 and CD-1 Mice","volume":"49","author":"Shibley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(78)90133-4","article-title":"Experimental Epileptogenesis: Kindling-Induced Epilepsy in Rats","volume":"58","author":"Pinel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/16\/8\/342\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:30:06Z","timestamp":1760110206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/16\/8\/342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins16080342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins16080342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]}}}