{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:29:46Z","timestamp":1784917786419,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1091868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1091868"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the effects of the timing of administering botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT\/A) on nerve regeneration in rats. Sixty 6-week-old rats with a sciatic nerve injury were randomly divided into four groups: the immediately treated (IT) group (BoNT\/A injection administered immediately post-injury), the delay-treated (DT) group (BoNT\/A injection administered one week post-injury), the control group (saline administered one week post-injury), and the sham group (only skin and muscle incisions made). Nerve regeneration was assessed 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-injury using various techniques. The levels of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), astroglial calcium-binding protein S100\u03b2 (S100\u03b2), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), neurofilament 200 (NF200), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the IT and DT groups were higher. ELISA revealed the highest levels of these proteins in the IT group, followed by the DT and control groups. Toluidine blue staining revealed that the average area and myelin thickness were higher in the IT group. Electrophysiological studies revealed that the CMAP in the IT group was significantly higher than that in the control group, with the DT group exhibiting significant differences starting from week 8. The findings of the sciatic functional index analysis mirrored these results. Thus, administering BoNT\/A injections immediately after a nerve injury is most effective for neural recovery. However, injections administered one week post-injury also significantly enhanced recovery. BoNT\/A should be administered promptly after nerve damage; however, its administration during the non-acute phase is also beneficial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16090387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T11:15:59Z","timestamp":1725534959000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Neural Recovery Effects of Botulinum Toxin Based on Administration Timing in Sciatic Nerve-Injured Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Minsu","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seokjoon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Heon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyeun","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698256","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/698256","article-title":"Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: A review of clinical and experimental therapies","volume":"2014","author":"Grinsell","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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