{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:54:07Z","timestamp":1792806847333,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State of S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2015\/13124-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/13124-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State of S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2019\/20832-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/20832-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State of S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["2015\/13124-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/13124-5"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["2019\/20832-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/20832-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A comprehensive LC-MS study examined the venom components of the solitary scoliid wasp Scolia oculata. Online mass fingerprinting showed that crude venom contains 25 small molecules (amino acids, biogenic amines, and nucleosides\/nucleotides) and 45 peptides with MW 400-2700. The small molecules were identified by elemental composition analysis, and peptide sequences were determined by ESI-MS\/MS and MALDI-TOF\/TOF MS analyses. As major peptide components, a known peptide, \u03b2-scoliidine (DYVTVKGFSPLRKA), and three new peptides, \u03b3-scoliidine (YVTVKGFSPLR), \u03b4-scoliidine (YVTVKGFSPLREP) and \u03b5-scoliidine (DYVTVKGFSPLREP) were identified, all of which are closely homologous to each other. Once the neuroprotective effects of \u03b2-scoliidine have already been described, the other three new scoliidine peptides were analyzed against oxidative stress-induced toxicity in PC12 neuronal cells by mitochondrial metabolism assay, and the structure-activity relationship was evaluated. Interestingly, pre-treatment with \u03b5-scoliidine increased the mitochondrial metabolism of PC12 cells (106 \u00b1 3.6%; p = 0.007) exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress in contrast to \u03b3- and \u03b4-scoliidines (77.6 \u00b1 4.8 and 68.5 \u00b1 4.1%, respectively) in compared to cells treated only H2O2 (75.8 \u00b1 2.4%). These new peptides were also analyzed for enzyme inhibitor\/substrate assays with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), neprilysin (NEP), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In these assays, only \u03b4- and \u03b5-scoliidines increased the AChE activity (128.7 \u00b1 3.8%; p = 0.01; and 116.8 \u00b1 3.8% p = 0.03; respectively) in relation to basal activity (100.1 \u00b1 1.6%). In addition, the four peptides were analyzed through in silico analysis, and none of them demonstrated possible hemolytic and toxic activities. In our study, the comprehensive LC-MS and MS\/MS analyses of Scolia oculate venom identified four major peptide components of the venom \u03b2-, \u03b3-, \u03b4- and \u03b5-scoliidines, and small differences in their primary structures are important to their neuroprotective properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16100446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T08:56:32Z","timestamp":1729155392000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Scoliidines: Neuroprotective Peptides in Solitary Scoliid Wasp Venoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Alberto-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Calheta","family":"Vieira Portaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Tadashi","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lais","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1585-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda Rufino","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3658-6505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Assump\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"da Cunha e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichi","family":"Nihei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhiro","family":"Konno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Toyama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Piek, T. 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