{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:31Z","timestamp":1760146471830,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]],"date-time":"2024-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New York University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Marlene and Paolo Fresco"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freezing of gait is a frequent phenomenon and can be one of the most debilitating motor impairments in Parkinson\u2019s disease, especially in the advanced stages. It is currently defined as a brief episodic absence or any marked reduction in the forward progression of the feet, despite the intention to walk. Greater severity of freezing of gait has been associated with more frequent falls, postural instability, and executive dysfunction. However, botulinum neurotoxin is one of the most widely administered therapies for motor and non-motor symptoms, including freezing of gait, in parkinsonism. To date, the literature has had conflicting results on the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. In light of this, we reviewed the findings of past studies that specifically investigated the effects of botulinum toxin on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease in order to better understand this issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16110474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1730713974000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Botulinum Toxin Effects on Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Tambasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University Hospital of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University Hospital of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University Hospital of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mechelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University Hospital of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Duranti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Perugia General Hospital, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5722-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucilla","family":"Parnetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University Hospital of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10685-5","article-title":"Prevalence of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"268","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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