{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:48:30Z","timestamp":1776703710438,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001656","name":"Helmholtz Association, Future Topic \u201cImmunology and Inflammation\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZT-0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZT-0027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensitization to cross-reactive allergens complicates identifying the culprit insect in Hymenoptera venom allergy via diagnostic tests. This study evaluates sensitization to hyaluronidases (Api m 2 from honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom, HBV; Pol d 2 from European paper wasp (Polistes dominula) venom, PDV; and Ves v 2.0101 and Ves v 2.0201 from yellow jacket (Vespula vulgaris) venom, YJV) and their cross-reactivity in allergic patients from Italy, Spain, and Germany using ImmunoCAPs, ELISA, and basophil activation tests. Sensitization rates were 45% for Api m 2 in HBV-allergic subjects, 25% for Pol d 2 in PDV-allergic individuals, and 20% and 10% for Ves v 2.0201 and Ves v 2.0101 in YJV-allergic patients, respectively. Patients primarily sensitized to Api m 2 showed minimal cross-reactivity to vespid hyaluronidases, whereas those primarily sensitized to Pol d 2 or Ves v 2.0201 exhibited IgE reactivity to Api m 2. Neither Pol d 2 nor Ves v 2.0201 triggered basophil activation. Cross-reactivity of Api m 2, Pol d 2, and Ves v 2.0201 depends on the primary sensitizing venom. Sensitization to Pol d 2 and Ves v 2.0201 remains below 25%, yet these patients may exhibit cross-reactivity to Api m 2. Conversely, HBV-allergic patients sensitized to Api m 2 show minimal reactivity to Pol d 2 or Ves v 2.0201.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16110498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1732002675000},"page":"498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative Assessment of the Allergenicity of Hyaluronidases from Polistes dominula (Pol d 2), Vespula vulgaris (Ves v 2), and Apis mellifera Venom (Api m 2)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Grosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health & Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4509-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette","family":"Eberlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Waldherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0549-9720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariona","family":"Pascal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, CDB Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Network for Allergy-RETIC de Asma, Reacciones Adversas y Al\u00e9rgicas (ARADYAL), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Dorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Justus-Liebig-University Gie\u00dfen, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"San Bartolom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, CDB Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"De La Roca Pinz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Section, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Clinical Medical Group, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Schiener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health & Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Darsow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5352-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilo","family":"Biedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7779-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Lidholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermo Fisher Scientific, 75450 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Bil\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani (INCRA), 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3124-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"Jakob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Justus-Liebig-University Gie\u00dfen, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3203-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten B.","family":"Schmidt-Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health & Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5649-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health & Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosch, J., Hilger, C., Bilo, M.B., Kler, S., Schiener, M., Dittmar, G., Bernardin, F., Lesur, A., Ollert, M., and Schmidt-Weber, C.B. 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