{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:59:22Z","timestamp":1791831562589,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Richter","award":["RG-IPI-2023-TP17\/026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-IPI-2023-TP17\/026"]}]},{"name":"Richter","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Laboratory Project","award":["RG-IPI-2023-TP17\/026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-IPI-2023-TP17\/026"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Laboratory Project","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of mycotoxin exposure on follicular fluid composition and reproductive outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) was investigated in this study. Twenty-five patients were included, and follicular fluid and serum samples were analysed for various mycotoxins. Principal observations:1. Mycotoxin presence: All examined mycotoxins were detected in follicular fluid. Follicular fluid (ff) levels: Deoxynivalenol (DON), alfa-Zearalenol (\u03b1-ZOL), Zearalenone (ZEN), and total aflatoxin (AFs) were significantly higher in follicular fluid than in serum. 2. Follicular fluid and reproductive outcomes: A positive correlation was observed between the ratio of oocytes to total follicles and the follicular Fumonisin B1 (FB1) levels. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between DON and T-2\/HT-2 toxins (T2\/HT2) levels in the follicular fluid. 3. Hormone levels: Follicular 17-beta estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels were higher than the serum levels. Follicular P4 correlated with serum P4 and Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) levels. In contrast, follicular E2 did not correlate with plasma E2 levels. 4. Mycotoxin\u2013hormone interactions: A positive correlation was observed between follicular P4 and T2\/HT2 toxin levels, whereas a negative correlation was found between ffE2 and ffT2\/HT2, and a positive correlation was found between ZEN and E2. Conclusion: This study elucidated the presence of various mycotoxins in the follicular fluid and their potential influence on reproductive outcomes. Further research is warranted to clarify the specific mechanisms underlying these effects and develop strategies for detecting mycotoxin exposure in women undergoing IVF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16120509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1732523904000},"page":"509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Potential Influence of the Presence of Mycotoxins in Human Follicular Fluid on Reproductive Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Apolka","family":"Szentirmay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0437-6433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0190-1330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrik","family":"Plank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"M\u00e9zes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Sajg\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central of Assisted Reproduction, Semmelweis University, 1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Martonos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central of Assisted Reproduction, Semmelweis University, 1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"Buzder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central of Assisted Reproduction, Semmelweis University, 1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central of Assisted Reproduction, Semmelweis University, 1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6835-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Hruby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Sz\u0151ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9876-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levente","family":"S\u00e1ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caserta, D., De Marco, M.P., Besharat, A.R., and Costanzi, F. 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