{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:27:52Z","timestamp":1793114872618,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Young Scientist Fellowship program provided by the Department of Health Research","award":["No.R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00z72fs19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Young Scientist Fellowship program provided by the Department of Health Research","award":["ASG2022195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASG2022195"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00z72fs19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoFHW), Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India","award":["No.R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0492wrx28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoFHW), Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India","award":["ASG2022195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASG2022195"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0492wrx28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","award":["No.R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03am10p12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","award":["ASG2022195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASG2022195"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03am10p12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intricate combination of organic and inorganic compounds found in snake venom includes proteins, peptides, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and metal ions. These components work together to immobilise and consume prey through processes such as paralysis and hypotension. Proteins, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, form the primary components of the venom. Based on the effects they produce, venom can be classified as neurotoxic, hemotoxic, and cytotoxic. Studies have shown that, after envenomation, proteins in snake venom also contribute significantly to the induction of inflammatory responses which can either have systemic or localized consequences. This review delves into the mechanisms by which snake venom proteins trigger inflammatory responses, focusing on key families such as phospholipase A2, metalloproteinases, serine proteases, C-type lectins, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, and L-amino acid oxidase. In addition, the role of venom proteins in activating various inflammatory pathways, including the complement system, inflammasomes, and sterile inflammation are also summarized. The available therapeutic options are examined, with a focus on antivenom therapy and its side effects. In general, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that are triggered by snake venom proteins and the side effects of antivenom treatment. All these emphasize the need for effective strategies to mitigate these detrimental effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16120519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T04:04:04Z","timestamp":1733198644000},"page":"519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Role of Snake Venom Proteins in Inducing Inflammation Post-Envenomation: An Overview on Mechanistic Insights and Treatment Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7135-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudharshan","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690 525, Kerala, India"},{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Reghu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690 525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bipin Gopalakrishnan","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690 525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9364-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muralidharan","family":"Vanuopadath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690 525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.08.040168.001503","article-title":"Pharmacology of peptides and proteins in snake venoms","volume":"8","year":"1968","journal-title":"Annu. 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