{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:23:47Z","timestamp":1777983827313,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pain is a frequent and disturbing symptom among hemodialysis patients. Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are related to cardiovascular and overall mortality, and they are difficult to remove with current hemodialysis treatments. The PBUT displacers, such as furosemide, tryptophan, or ibuprofen, may be promising new strategies for improving their clearance. This study aims to compare ibuprofen versus other analgesic drugs in PBUT removal. A prospective study was carried out in 23 patients. Patients underwent four dialysis sessions with routine dialysis parameters, except for analgesic drugs administered (lysine acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, dexketoprofen, and ibuprofen). The reduction ratios (RRs) of a wide range of molecular weight molecules were assessed, including total p-cresyl sulfate and total indoxyl-sulfate. There were no complications related to the administered drug, and pain was controlled independently of the drug. There were no differences in the RR of small-size and medium-sized molecules between all four study treatments. However, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate RRs when ibuprofen was administered were significantly higher than lysine acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, and dexketoprofen treatments. In conclusion, patients with pain may benefit from treatment with ibuprofen instead of lysine acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, or dexketoprofen, since in addition to improving pain, it increases the removal of PBUTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16120545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T12:09:28Z","timestamp":1734350968000},"page":"545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Choice of Anti-Inflammatory Influences the Elimination of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Escudero-Saiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2412-6911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Cuadrado-Pay\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodriguez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department-CDB, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregori","family":"Casals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department-CDB, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lida Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Fontser\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department-CDB, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Bastida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5667-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayra","family":"Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department-CDB, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4559-9083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jes\u00fas","family":"Broseta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1673-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Maduell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.03.041","article-title":"The Prevalence of Pain among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Using Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"100","author":"Lambourg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.08.008","article-title":"Impact of Pain and Symptom Burden on the Health-Related Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"39","author":"Davison","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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