{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T15:37:08Z","timestamp":1793547428430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus anthracis is a deadly pathogen that under unfavourable conditions forms highly resistant spores which enable them to survive for a long period of time. Spores of B. anthracis are transmitted through the contaminated soil or animal products and enter to the host through the skin, lungs or oral route and can cause cutaneous, injection, inhalation and gastrointestinal anthrax, respectively. The disease is caused by the toxin which is produced by them once they germinate within the host cell. Anthrax toxin is the major virulence factor which has the ability to kill the host cell. The role of protein kinases and phosphatases of B. anthracis in toxin production and other virulence related properties have also been reported. There are two vaccines, BioThrax and CYFENDUSTM, which are approved by the FDA-USA to prevent anthrax disease. Recently, anthrax toxin has also been shown to be a potential candidate for cancer therapeutics. Through present review, we aim to provide insights into sporulation, transmission and pathogenesis of B. anthracis as well as the current state of its prevention, treatment, vaccines and possible therapeutic uses in cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17020056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T10:46:07Z","timestamp":1737715567000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Anthrax: Transmission, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nitika","family":"Sangwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi 110075, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aakriti","family":"Gangwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preksha","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chokey","family":"Langtso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. B.R. 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