{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:20:15Z","timestamp":1771460415040,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Network Project on Buffalo Improvement (NPBI) of ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes from Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A symptom of reduced feed intake, conception and progressive emaciation was noticed in the Murrah buffalo farm of the institute with tail gangrene in some buffaloes and the sudden death of many animals. Thus, the objective of the study was for the systemic investigation to find out the causative agents and necessary ameliorative measures. The tail lesion includes alopecia, scales, necrosis, oedematous and a painful area. After thorough examination of the signs and symptoms of the disease, it was speculated that the case may be due to the presence of mycotoxins in the feeds offered to the animals. The severely affected buffaloes that died subjected to post-mortem examination demonstrated liver damage, nephritis and haemorrhages in all the vital organs. The analyses of offered feed revealed a high concentration of aflatoxin B1 content in maize, groundnut cake, cottonseed cake and compound feed mixtures. The case was typically diagnosed as the aflatoxicosis in water buffalo and ameliorative measures viz. the withdrawal of contaminated feeds, supplementation of toxin binder and penta-sulphate mixture in the feed taken sustained animal health and production performances. Severely affected animals with tail gangrene were treated with local disinfectants and antibiotics as well as systemic injection with broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive vitamins and minerals to recover to their previous stage. Therefore, routine check-ups of feeds are of utmost importance to prevent feeding of aflatoxin-contaminated feeds. Systemic efforts viz. therapeutic management with topical medicines, broad-spectrum antibiotics, supportive therapies with vitamins and antioxidants along with replacement of contaminated feeds and inclusion of peta-sulphate mixture, and a toxin binder are effective in the prevention and control of aflatoxicosis in buffaloes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17020097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T08:36:19Z","timestamp":1739867779000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Delineation of Aflatoxicosis on Health and Performance of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Its Therapeutic and Nutritional Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2014Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2014Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Supriya","family":"Chhotaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2014Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhu","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2014Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupali","family":"Rautela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2014Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avijit","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2014Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2007.12.011","article-title":"Mycotoxin research and mycoflora in some commercially important agricultural commodities","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.099","article-title":"An empirical evaluation of three vibrational spectroscopic methods for detection of aflatoxins in maize","volume":"173","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickova, D., Ostry, V., Toman, J., and Malir, F. 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