{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:42Z","timestamp":1787030142360,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish is a major source of protein in Asia\u2013Pacific countries. Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), caused by consuming reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs), poses a significant health risk, affecting the neurological, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems. Climate change and the global food trade are potentially major factors contributing to the expanding geographical range and frequency of CFP outbreaks. Therefore, the surveillance and monitoring of CTXs in fishery products are essential to safeguard food safety. In this study, liquid chromatography\u2013high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was used to screen for CTXs in wild-caught fish from the region. Analysis of two grouper fish samples from Okinawa, Japan, detected CTX-1B, a major CTX known to incur in fish from the Asia\u2013Pacific region. Additionally, putative Indian Ocean CTXs (I-CTXs) were also identified. Further study with HRMS on wild-caught red emperor fish from Southeast Asia waters revealed low levels of I-CTXs as well. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced food safety measures and expansion of monitoring protocols to include I-CTXs. This research contributes to the global understanding of CTX distribution and confirms the importance of HRMS application in routine surveillance to mitigate the risks associated with ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1740049417000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Ciguatoxin Detection in Fish from the Asia\u2013Pacific Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0407-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ker","family":"Lew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Lee","family":"Leyau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2121-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kung Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuansheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheot Harn","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.43.1021","article-title":"Finding of a Dinoflagellate as a Likely Culprit of Ciguatera","volume":"43","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8886","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200799j","article-title":"Detailed LC-MS\/MS analysis of ciguatoxins revealing distinct regional and species characteristics in fish and causative alga from the Pacific","volume":"83","author":"Yogi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. 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