{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:00:47Z","timestamp":1780362047831,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Messina"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trigonella foenum-graecum is a widely cultivated legume in Mediterranean regions, and it is used for human and animal consumption, as well as for medical purposes. High temperatures and abundant rainfall during the spring season in Sicily favor the formation of an environment suitable for the growth and proliferation of fungi with the production of mycotoxins. In this study, ochratoxin A, aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin, and T-2 toxin concentrations in Trigonella foenum-graecum were determined in feed administered to ruminants and also in blood samples from cattle and sheep in order to evaluate the toxicity correlated to the possible presence of these mycotoxins based on the clinical signs observed in the animals. Analyses of mycotoxins in fenugreek and blood samples were conducted using the enzyme immunoassay KIT. Five extensive farms sited in the northwest of the Sicily region, with a total of 90 intoxicated animals, reported a concomitant unusual outbreak of neurological disorders. Decreased spinal reflex responses, postural abnormalities associated with weakness or recumbency, and hyperesthesia of the limbs suggested a problem regarding the peripheral nervous system. The mortality rate recorded was very high, even reaching 100% of the intoxicated animals. OTA intoxication in Sicilian ruminants represents an important warning on the vulnerability of farms to mycotoxin contamination and underlines the importance of preventive measures and monitoring in animal health management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T03:22:44Z","timestamp":1740972164000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Unusual Outbreak of Ochratoxicosis Associated with Trigonella foenum-graecum Ingestion in Ruminants from Different Farms of Sicily"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-8937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5243-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Licata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro Paolo","family":"Niutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Macaluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 90121 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna Lucrezia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9065-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bruschetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615794","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1615794","article-title":"Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 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