{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:54:32Z","timestamp":1792079672414,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focal limb dystonias (FLDs) are abnormal postures and muscle contractions in an arm or leg that can occur in the setting of specific activities or without any stimulus. This pathology can have a profound impact on quality of life and potentially limit work in those whose dystonias are brought on by activities related to their occupations. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is approved for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration for several indications, including cervical dystonia and blepharospasm, but not for FLD. Despite this limitation, BoNT is frequently used clinically for FLD, generally with individualized dosing based on patient need and clinician expertise. Various methods exist for targeting treatment to the specific affected muscles and assessing the benefit of treatment. Small clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of BoNT, but larger controlled studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T03:26:21Z","timestamp":1741058781000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Review: Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Focal Limb Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5826-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma H.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico G. Rodolico S. Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.164","article-title":"Adult-Onset Idiopathic Focal Lower Extremity Dystonia: A Rare Task-Specific Dystonia","volume":"3","author":"Ramdhani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tremor Hyperkinetic Mov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2015-001148","article-title":"Musician\u2019s Dystonia","volume":"15","author":"Sussman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pract. 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