{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:15:49Z","timestamp":1771467349282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI)","award":["BB\/T008776\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T008776\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grain industries are interested in an integrated approach to in-silo grain quality and safety management using carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement with temperature and moisture monitoring. Our study investigates if CO2 production could predict mycotoxin production (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, its glucoside, and ochratoxin A (OTA)) and identify storage conditions exceeding legislative limits in stored oats for the first time. The influence of water activity (aw) levels (0.70\u20130.95 aw), temperature (15 and 20 \u00b0C), and storage duration on (a) Fusarium populations, (b) CO2 respiration rates (RRs), and (c) mycotoxin concentrations in stored oats was examined. One hundred and twenty samples were analysed for multiple mycotoxins by LC-MS\/MS. Substantial differences were found in the RRs of oats at \u22650.90 aw at both temperatures. A moderate positive correlation between CO2 and mycotoxins was noticed and mycotoxins exceeded their limits at \u22650.90 aw (22% moisture content) when RR \u2265 25 \u00b5g CO2 kg\u22121 h\u22121. This knowledge forms the basis for developing decision support systems for improving oats\u2019 storage management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:52:30Z","timestamp":1741675950000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real-Time CO2 Production Monitoring in Stored Oats as an Indicator of Type A Trichothecenes and Ochratoxin A Contamination Under Simulated Environmental Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0282-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abimbola","family":"Oluwakayode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Magan Centre of Applied Mycology, Cranfield University, College Rd. Wharley End, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Sulyok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz, Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5883-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Berthiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz, Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol","family":"Verheecke-Vaessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magan Centre of Applied Mycology, Cranfield University, College Rd. Wharley End, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Krska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz, Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1443-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magan Centre of Applied Mycology, Cranfield University, College Rd. Wharley End, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FMI (2024, October 30). Future Market Insights. Oats Market Is Projected to Reach USD 10.8 Billion by 2032-Comprehensive Research Report by FMI. Available online: https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/en\/news-release\/2022\/02\/09\/2382216\/0\/en\/Oats-Market-is-projected-to-reach-USD-10-8-Billion-by-2032-Comprehensive-Research-Report-by-FMI.htmL."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"114","article-title":"Oat is a multifunctional cereal crop","volume":"2","author":"Barcchiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Farming"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"FAO\u2013Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2024, October 30). Global Food Loss Index. 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