{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T23:07:58Z","timestamp":1781478478260,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP190100304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190100304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echis species (saw-scaled vipers) are WHO Category 1 medically significant venomous snakes with potent procoagulant venoms, which cause lethal venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy in human victims. Despite clinical presentations of bites varying significantly between individuals within the same species, the contribution of age-related changes in the venom biochemistry has not been investigated. This study investigated the ontogenetic changes in Echis pyramidum\u00a0pyramidum venom and its impact on therapeutic efficacy. The efficacy of various antivenoms (Echitab, Echitab+ ICP, Inosan MENA, Inosan Pan African, and SAVP-Echis) was tested against both venom phenotypes. While both neonate and adult venoms were procoagulant, there were differences in the underlying biochemistry. Neonate venom was found to potently pathophysiologically activate Factor VII and Factor X, and to a lesser degree Factor XII. In contrast, adult venom was a slower clotter, less potent in activating FVII, equipotent with neonate venom on FXII, and inactive on FX. This is the first documentation of FVII and FXII activation for any Echis venom. The significant ontogenetic toxicological variations in Echis species were shown to impact antivenom efficacy. Among the tested antivenoms, SAVP-Echis was the most effective against both venom phenotypes, with adult venom being better neutralized. These findings suggest the need for a reconsideration of venom mixture selection in antivenom production through the inclusion of neonate venom. Additionally, the results indicate differential ontogenetic predatory ecology, providing a foundation for future natural history investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T10:38:48Z","timestamp":1742380728000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Snake Venom Makeover: Age-Dependent Variations in Procoagulant Biochemistry of Egyptian Saw-Scaled Viper (Echis pyramidum pyramidum) Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Barker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lachlan A.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Seneci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinandan","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aude","family":"Violette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alphabiotoxine Laboratory srl, Barberie 15, 7911 Montroeul-au-bois, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudy","family":"Fourmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alphabiotoxine Laboratory srl, Barberie 15, 7911 Montroeul-au-bois, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2627-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inosan Biopharma, 28001 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Aldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroPharm Limited, Newcastle Emlyn SA38 9BY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6661-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ediriweera, D.S., Kasturiratne, A., Pathmeswaran, A., Gunawardena, N.K., Wijayawickrama, B.A., Jayamanne, S.F., Isbister, G.K., Dawson, A., Giorgi, E., and Diggle, P.J. 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