{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:00:15Z","timestamp":1768737615457,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior: CAPES \u2013grant #1","award":["88882.461655\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.461655\/2019-01"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior: CAPES \u2013grant #1","award":["001\/0708\/00.362\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/0708\/00.362\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior: CAPES \u2013grant #1","award":["305525\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305525\/2023-9"]}]},{"name":"Butantan Foundation","award":["88882.461655\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.461655\/2019-01"]}]},{"name":"Butantan Foundation","award":["001\/0708\/00.362\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/0708\/00.362\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Butantan Foundation","award":["305525\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305525\/2023-9"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development 405 (CNPq)","award":["88882.461655\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.461655\/2019-01"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development 405 (CNPq)","award":["001\/0708\/00.362\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/0708\/00.362\/2023"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development 405 (CNPq)","award":["305525\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305525\/2023-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over millions of years of evolution, natural selection has driven the specialization of predatory and defensive mechanisms in various animal species through the development of poisons and venoms. These venoms contain highly specific and selective molecules for several different targets according to the habitat and behavior of each species. In this work, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of Tityus\u00a0obscurus venom, identifying 45 proteins, including 8 toxins targeting K+ channels, 22 targeting Na+ channels, and 15 other venom components. Our study reveals seven novel isoforms of ion channel-targeting peptides characterized by amino acid substitutions which may influence their bioactivity and pharmacological properties. These findings contribute to our understanding of venom molecular diversity and evolution, providing new insights into peptide structure\u2013function relationships. Considering the biomedical relevance of ion channel-modulating toxins, our work expands the repertoire of potential candidates for future drug development, particularly in the context of neuropharmacology and ion channel disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17050210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T06:38:37Z","timestamp":1745390317000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular Diversity and Isoform Evolution in Tityus\u00a0obscurus Venom: Insights from Proteomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kemellyn Cristina","family":"Panchera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias\u2014Toxinologia do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6313-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lais Campelo","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias\u2014Toxinologia do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1162-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Leonor Abrah\u00e3o","family":"Nencioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2406-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Carvalho","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-5162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00eddio","family":"Beraldo-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica do Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2023.104824","article-title":"Unraveling and Profiling Tityus bahiensis Venom: Biochemical Analyses of the Major Toxins","volume":"274","author":"Vigerelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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