{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:16:13Z","timestamp":1760058973938,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116S393","22AG016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116S393","22AG016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spasticity, characterized by elevated muscle tone, is commonly managed with botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). However, BTX-A can paradoxically increase passive muscle forces, narrow muscles\u2019 length range of force exertion (lrange), and elevate extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. C3 transferase, known to inhibit myofibroblast and fascial tissue contractility, may counteract ECM stiffening. This study investigated whether combining BTX-A with C3 transferase reduces active forces without altering passive forces or lrange. Additionally, we examined the isolated effects of C3 transferase on muscle levels. Male Wistar rats received injections into the tibialis anterior (TA): Control (n = 7, saline) and C3 + BTX-A (n = 7, 2.5 \u00b5g C3 + 0.1U BTX-A). TA forces were measured one month post-injection, and isolated C3 transferase effects were assessed in separate groups (Control and C3, n = 6 each). Active forces were 43.5% lower in the C3 + BTX-A group compared to the Control group. No differences between groups in passive forces (p = 0.33) or lrange (p = 0.19) were observed. C3 transferase alone had no significant effect on relative muscle mass (p = 0.298) or collagen content (p = 0.093). Supplementing BTX-A with C3 transferase eliminates BTX-A\u2019s adverse effects at the muscle level. C3 transferase alone causes no atrophy or collagen increase, which are key factors in BTX-A-induced ECM stiffening. This novel neurodenervant formula shows promise for advancing spasticity management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17050234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1746771531000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Preclinical Testing of a Novel Neurodenervant in the Rat: C3 Transferase Mitigates Botulinum Toxin\u2019s Adverse Effects on Muscle Mechanics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7345-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cemre Su","family":"Kaya Keles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep D.","family":"Akdeniz Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Marmara University, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6238-4420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can A.","family":"Yucesoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE) (2000). 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